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1
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Plants with only 3 leaves (including partly to entirely sheathing cauline leaves), lowermost longest with well-developed blade terete or cross-shaped in section or at least with midrib and margins heavily thickened; corm tunics often cartilaginous or woody,s plitiing from the base into claw-like sections
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(2)
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+
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Plants with 2 to many leaves, if only 3 leaves then blade of the lowermost vestigial (much shorter than the sheathing part of lacking) or the blade with midrib and margins not or only lightly thickened; corm tunics various, woody or fibrous to papery or membranous
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(18)
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2 (1)
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Floral bracts 14–30 mm long or if longer then perianth tube less than 25 mm long; perianth tube usually shorter than bracts but if longer then flowers pink with reddish markings on lower tepals
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(3)
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+
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Floral bracts (25–)30–80(–115) mm long; perianth tube at least 25 mm long, often as long as the bracts or longer
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(8)
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3 (2)
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Perianth almost actinomorphic with subequal tepals or only weakly zygomorphic and then white or yellow; markings confined to base of tepals
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(4)
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+
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Perianth zygomorphic and white to pink or purple; lower gtepals marked near middle
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(5)
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4 (3)
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Flowers white to yellow flushed dull purplish on reverse, sometimes with dark markings in throat, often scented; peerianth tube 16–20 mm long; plants from seasonally wet habitats in Western Cape
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Gladiolus trichonemifolius
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+
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. Flowers pink to mauve; perianth tube 8–12 mm long; plants from KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg
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Gladiolus symonsii
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5 (3)
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Lower lateral tepals with transverse yellow band or chevron outlined with purple; perianth tube strongly geniculate, up to half as long as dorsal tepal; corm tunics forming fibrous neck around base of stem
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Gladiolus patersoniae
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+
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Lower lateral tepals with median streak or diamond-shaped marking in red or yellow outlined with red; perianth tube usually curved, half as long asa dorsal tepal or longer; corm tunics not forming fibrous neck around base of stem
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(6)
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6 (5)
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Flowers pale pink to whitish with red median streak on lower tepals; anthers purple; plantrs from Swartberg
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Gladiolus nigromontanus
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+
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Flowers purple or mauve to pink or whitish with diamond- or chevron-shaped markings on lower tepals; anthers greyto purple; plantrs from Cederberg to Langeberg
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(7)
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7 (6)
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Periangth tube 12–18(–30) mm long; flowers bell–trumpet-shaped with dorsal tepal ascending to hooded; filaments 12–18 mm long; flowering September to November, rarely into December
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Gladiolus inflatus
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+
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Periangth tube (25–)35–52 mm long; flowers salver-shaped with tepals spreading ± at right angles to tube; filaments 7–8 mm long; flowering December to January
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Gladiolus cylindraceus
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8 (2)
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Flowers white, cream, mauve, brown to dull purple or dull reddish orange, often scented in evening; perianth tube widening gradually from base to apex; filaments included in perianth tube or shortly exserted up to 5 mm
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(9)
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+
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Flowers red to deep orange, the tepals sometimes marked with yellow or green, unscented; perianth tube narrow below stamen insertion, widening abruptly into a long, cylindric, horizontal upper portion; filaments exserted 4–15 mm from perianth tube
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(13)
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9 (8)
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Flowers mainly brown, dull purplish green or reddish orange; leaf blade oval in section with midrib and margins thickened, with 2 grooves on each surface
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(10)
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+
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Flowers white to cream or pale mauve, sometimes streaked or spotted with brown; leaves centric, terete or cross-shaped in section with 4 grooves or furrows
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(11)
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10 (9)
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Bracts short and not normally attenuate, 36–50 mm long; tepals obtuse to acute, upper 22–30 mm long; perianth tube 25–36 mm long; flowers not changing colour at night
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Gladiolus hyalinus
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+
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Bracts long and attenuate, 55–115 mm long; tepals attenuate, (31–)40–45 mm long; perianth tube 40–53 mm long; flowers changing colour at night
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Gladiolus liliaceus
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11 (9)
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Flowers pale mauve or opalescent, each lasting 1 day; bracts 22–25 mm long; plants from southern Namibia
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Gladiolus diluvialis
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+
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Flowers white to pale yellow, sometimes mottled brown, each lasting several days; bracts (25–)40–110 mm long; plants from South Africa
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(12)
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12 (11)
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Perianth tube up to 1.5 times as long as bracts; filaments (15–)18–25 mm long; plants from Bokkeveld Mtns to Port Elizabeth
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Gladiolus tristis
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+
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Perianth tube 1.3 to 3 times as long as bracts; filaments 5–13 mm long; plants from Swartberg to Limpopo
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Gladiolus longicollis
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13 (8)
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Upper lateral tepals ±as long as to slightly longer than dorsal; leaf blades oblong to oval in section with midrib and margins thickened, with 2 grooves on each surface; corm tunics hard and ± woody, splitting below into claw-like segments
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(14)
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+
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Upper lateral tepals half as long to slightly shorter than dorsal; leaves centric, terete or cross-shaped in section with 4 grooves or furrows; corm tunics cartilaginous to papery, splitting below into fibres
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(15)
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14 (13)
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Upper and lower lateral tepals lanceolate, more than twice as long as wide; lower leaf blade linear, oblong in section, (1.5–)3–5 mm wide; plants west of Hottentots Holland–Worcester axis
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Gladiolus watsonius
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+
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Upper and lower lateral tepals ovate, up to twice as long as wide; lower leaf blade subterete, oval in section, 1–2 mm wide; plants east of Hottentots Holland–Worcester axis
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Gladiolus teretifolius
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15 (13)
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Tepals lanceolate, upper laterals more than twice as long as wide; lower tepals uniformly red or orange; plants from Cold and Warm Bokkeveld
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Gladiolus quadrangularis
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+
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Tepals ovate to elliptic, upper laterals less than twice as long as wide; lower tepals with yellow to greenish markings; plants from Bot River to Grahamstown
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(16)
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16 (15)
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Dorsal tepal horizontal, boat-shaped, two to three times as long as upper laterals; lower tepals mostly dark green to reddish black, median shorter than laterals, 3–6 mm long
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Gladiolus abbreviatus
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+
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Dorsal tepal erect to inclined, less than 1.5 times as long as upper laterals; lower tepals mostly yellow, median as long as or slightly longer than laterals, 9–22 mm long
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(17)
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17 (16)
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Flowers larger, dorsal tepal 25–40 mm long; filaments 32–45 mm long; flowers mostly orange, upper part of tube with dark red longitudinal lines below sinuses on each sides of upper lateral tepals
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Gladiolus huttonii
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+
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Flowers smaller, dorsal tepal 15–20 mm long; filaments 26–32 mm long; flowers dull reddish or greenish, upper tepals veined with red to grey, and tube without longitudoinal lines
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Gladiolus fourcadei
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18 (1)
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Leaf sheaths and sometimes blades hairy
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(19)
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+
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Leaf sheaths and blades glabrous or scabrid
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(20)
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19 (18)
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Leaf blades centric and cross-shaped in section; flowers greenish to pale yellow without conspicuous dark markings on lower tepals
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Gladiolus sufflavus
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+
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Leaf blades linear with 1 or 2 raised veins, margins not thickened; flowers yellow with transverse brown to reddish markings on lower tepals
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Gladiolus pritzelii
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20 (18)
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Leaf blades vestigial, lacking or less than 10 mm long
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(21)
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+
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Leaf blades usually well-developed or short but always present
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(24)
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21 (20)
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Perianth tube cylindric, (22–)30–60 mm long
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Gladiolus engysiphon
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+
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Perianth tube funnel-shaped, 6–20 mm long
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(22)
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22 (21)
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Corm tunics fibrous; flowers blue, without a strong scent; leaves of non-flowering plants hairy
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Gladiolus subcaeruleus
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+
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Corm tunics softly membranous, not accumulating; flowers cream or pink to lilac, usually strongly scented; leaves on non-flowering plants glabrous
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(23)
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23 (22)
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Flowers mauve or pink; lower lateral tepals joined to upper laterals for 2–5 mm; flowering February to May; leaves of non flowering plants 1(2)
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Gladiolus martleyi
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+
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Flowers cream, pale yellow or pale lilac; lower lateral tepals not joined to upper laterals; flowering December to January; leaves of non flowering plants 2 or 3
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Gladiolus jonquilliodorus
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24 (20)
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Leaves linear, smooth and fleshy, midrib and margins not thickened
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(25)
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+
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Leaves with midrib or margins thickened and raised
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(30)
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25 (24)
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Perianth tube shorter than bracts, 11–17 mm long; flowers pale blue or mauve to brown; filaments 10–15 mm long
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(26)
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+
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Perianth tube slightly shorter than bracts to twice as long, 23–48 mm long; flowers red, pink, brownish or cream to yellow
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(27)
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26 (25)
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Leaves 4; tepals acute to obtuse; plants from Albertinia to Grahamstown
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Gladiolus mutabilis
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+
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Leaves 3; tepals acute to acuminate; plants from Ceres to Wellington
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Gladiolus exilis
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27 (25)
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Perianth tube slender below, abruptly expanded at filament insertion into a cylindric upper part; flowers cream, pink or red, unscented; filaments 25–40 mm long
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(28)
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+
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Perianth tube gradually expanding from base to apex; flowers cream to yellowish or brown to dull liac or purple, scented; filaments 12–16 mm long
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(29)
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28 (27)
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Leaves 3; tepals ovate, laterals 15–17 mm wide; flowers yellow or pale to deep pink, not yellow in throat but lower tepals often darkly speckled basally
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Gladiolus meridionalis
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+
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Leaves (3)4; tepals lanceolate, laterals 10–12 mm wide; flowers red with yellow throat
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Gladiolus priorii
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29 (27)
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Flowers dull yellow to lilac conspicuously mottled with brown to purple; perianth tube 23–37(–48) mm long, not or barely exserted from bracts
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Gladiolus maculatus
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+
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Flowers cream or white; perianth tube 37–65 mm long, well exserted from bracts
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Gladiolus albens
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30 (24)
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Lower leaf blade H-shaped in section, with margins raised into wings of flanges extended at right angles to blade
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(31)
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+
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Lower leaf blade with margins weakly to strongly thickened but not raised into wings or flanges, or leaves reduced and clasping
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(33)
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31 (30)
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Perianth tube slightly shorter than to longer than bracts, 27–36 mm long; tepals attenuate and recurved, mostly pearl-grey to yellowish
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Gladiolus recurvus
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+
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Perianth tube shorter than bracts, 12–18 mm long; tepals ± acute, mostly blue (sometimes pink or grey to yellowish brown)
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(32)
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32 (31)
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Leaves firm and narrow with marginal flanges arching over and almost concealing blade; lower tepals acute and streaked; flowers 2 to 7 per spike; mainly clay and granite soils in southwestern Western Cape
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Gladiolus gracilis
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+
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Leaves soft and broad with marginal flanges at right angles to blade; lower tepals obtuse and spotted; flowers (4)8 to 14 per spike; plants of West Coast limestones and limestone sands
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Gladiolus caeruleus
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33 (30)
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Upper cataphyll purple mottled with white
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(34)
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+
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Upper cataphyll uniformly coloured
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(37)
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34 (33)
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Perianth actinomorphic and stellate, with subequal and spreading tepals
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Gladiolus quadrangulus
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+
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Perianth zygomorphic and bilabiate, with arched dorsal tepal and smaller lower tepals
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(35)
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35 (34)
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Flowers inflated and bell-like with sharply bent tube, lower tepals with transverse or median white or yellow mark; leaves (3)4; corm tunics firm-textured to almost woody, splitting into narrow strips below
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Gladiolus rogersii
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+
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Flowers funnel-shaped with curved tube, lower tepals pale ywllow lightly streaked with lines or dots; leaves 3(4); corm tunics soft-textured and irregularly fragmented or somewhat fibrous
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(36)
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36 (35)
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Flowers larger, 37–54 mm long; perianth tube 13–16 mm long; flowering mainly late to July to September
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Gladiolus carinatus
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+
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Flowers smaller, 22–36 mm long; perianth tube 6–10 mm long; flowering May to mid July
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Gladiolus griseus
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37 (33)
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Flowers white to pink or pale blue-mauve with red to purple spots, streaks or diamond-shaped markings on lower tepals; leaves linear and usually with thickened margins
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(38)
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+
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Flowers blue, yellow or orange to salmon or scarlet; leaves various
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(44)
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38 (37)
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Corm tunics membranous or papery to leathery, becoming fibrous with age
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(39)
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+
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Corm tunics woody, splitting below into claw-like segments
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(40)
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39 (38)
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Flowers whitish to pale pink, lower tepals feathered with deep red basally; perianth tube 36–44 mm long; corm tunics firm-papery to leathery, becoming fibrous; plants from Outeniqua Mtns
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Gladiolus roseovenosus
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+
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Flowers deep pink, lower tepals with pale median streak edged in darker pink; perianth tube 18–2 mm long; corm tunics soft-textured, membranous; plants from Cape Peninsula and nearby
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Gladiolus ornatus
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40 (38)
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Perianth tube 35–40 mm long, usually ± 1.5 times as long as bracts
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Gladiolus vigilans
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+
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Perianth tube 10–24 mm long, slightly shorter than to ± 1.5 times as long as bracts
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(41)
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41 (40)
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Leaves 3(4); floral bracts smooth, not ridged along veins; dorsal tepal 25–30 mm long; lower tepals with large red spots unevenly spread across basal half
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Gladiolus variegatus
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+
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Leaves 3)4; floral ridged along veins
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(42)
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42 (41)
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Filaments 4–10 mm long; dorsal tepal 17–27 mm long; flowers white (rarely pale pink) with red markings on lower tepals
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Gladiolus debilis
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+
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Filaments 12–16 mm long; dorsal tepal 28–44 mm long; flowers pale to deep pink or blue-mauve
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(43)
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43 (42)
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Perianth tube obliquely funnel-shaped, 13–24 mm long; lower tepals cream to pale ywllow with darl longitudinal lines or spots
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Gladiolus blommesteinii
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+
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Perianth tube narrowly funnel-shaped to cylindric, 22–27 mm long; lower tepals with darker V-shaped markings
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Gladiolus virgatus
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44 (37)
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Flowers yellow or orange to salmon or scarlet
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(45)
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+
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Flowers blue to mauve
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(47)
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45 (44)
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Perianth almost actinomorphic, orange; perianth tube 2.4–4.0 mm long
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Gladiolus brevitubus
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+
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Perianth zygomorphic and bilabiate, pale to bright yellow; perianth tube 8–14 mm long
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(46)
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46 (45)
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Flowers bright yellow; upper tepals lanceolate-attenuate; perianth tube 11–14 mm long; plants from Heerenlogement Mt, flowering June and July
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Gladiolus comptonii
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+
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Flowers pale creamy yellow; upper tepals ovate; perianth tube ± 8 mm long; plants from Cederberg, flowering December and January
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Gladiolus delpierrei
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47 (44)
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Leaves 3
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(48)
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+
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Leaves 4 or 5
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(48)
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48 (47)
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Flowers irregularly mottled with purple, without transverse yellow or white markings on lower tepals; tepals lanceolate
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Gladiolus inflexus
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+
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Flowers veined with purple, with transverse yellow or white markings on lower tepals; tepals ovate
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49
|
Flowers obliquely funnel-shaped; tepals lanceolate-attenuate; perianth tube curved
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(50)
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+
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Flowers inflated and bell-shaped; tepals lanceolate to ovate, obtuse to acute; perianth tube sharply bent
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(51)
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50 (49)
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Leaf blade plane and identical on both surfaces; tepals violet and not darkly veined; plants from Riviersonderend Mtns
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Gladiolus atropictus
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+
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Leaf blade with midrib raised as a wing on one side, blade thus triangular in section; tepals pale blue with violet veins; plants from Gifberg to Cederberg
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Gladiolus violaceolineatus
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51 (49)
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Flowers usually 3 or more per spike; floral bracts smooth, not attenuate, 15–22 mm long
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Gladiolus rogersii
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+
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Flowers 1 or 2 per spike; floral bracts ridged and attenuate, mostly 30–50 mm long
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Gladiolus bullatus
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