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(Last Modified On 9/30/2013)
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(Last Modified On 9/30/2013)
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Species
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Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.
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PlaceOfPublication
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Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 679. 1842.
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Synonym
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Robinia sepium Jacq., Enum. PI. Carib. 28. 1760; Sel. Stirp. Amer. 1: 211, 2: tab. 179, fig. 101. 1763. TYPE: Colombia, Jacquin, not seen. non Robinia sepium Sw. (1788). Robinia maculata H.B.K., Nov. Gen. Sp. PI. 6: (ed. quarto) 393, (ed. folio) 309. 1824. TYPE: Mexico, Humboldt & Bonpland (P, not seen; microfiche MO). Lonchocarpus sepium (Jacq.) DC., Prodr. 2: 260. 1825. Lonchocarpus maculatus (H.B.K.) DC., Prodr. 2: 260. 1825. Galedupa pungam Blanco, Fl. Filip. (Ed. 1) 558. 1837. TYPE: Philippines, Blanco, not seen. Robinia variegata Schlecht., Linnaea 12: 301. 1838. TYPE: Mexico, Schiede, not seen. Gliricidia maculata (H.B.K.) Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 679. 1842. Millettia luzonensis A. Gray, U.S. Expl. Exped., Bot. 1: 456. 1854. TYPE: Philippines, collector unknown, collection not located. Gliricidia maculata var. multijuga Micheli in Donell Smith, Bot. Gaz. 28: 284. 1895. TYPE: Guatemala, Hyde & Lux, D. Smith distrib. no 3296 (US, isotype). Gliricidia lambii Fern., Bot. Gaz. 20: 533. 1895. TYPE: Mexico, Lamb 451 (NY, holotype; isotype, GH). Gliricidia sepium f. maculata (H.B.K.) Urb., Symb. Ant. 2: 289. 1900. Robinia hispida L., Mant. PI. 101. 1767. pro parte, exclus. type (LINN 913.2, not seen; microfiche MO). Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud., Nom. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 688. 1840. comb. not valid. Gliricidia maculata (H.B.K.) Steud., Nom. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 688. 1840. comb. not valid. Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Griseb., Abh. Kdnigl. Ges. Wiss. Gdttingen 7: 52. 1857. Redundant combination.
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Description
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Trees to 10 m tall with spreading crowns. Leaves usually alternate, subop- posite or opposite, to ca. 30 cm long; leaflets 5-19, the lateral leaflets mostly opposite, oval to elliptic, 2-7 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, usually glabrous above, sparsely pubescent and lighter beneath, nearly always purple mottled beneath when dry; rachis and petiole lightly to evenly pubescent, petiolules pubescent; stipules minute, caducous. Inflorescences conspicuous, preceding the leaves; ra- cemes clustered from branches or older wood and hence the inflorescence ap- pearing compound; individual racemes 4-15 cm long, the flowers borne singly, uniformly distributed along the axis; bracts minute, soon deciduous. Flowers pink and lilac to white, the petals usually tinged with yellow toward the base; pedicels 5-10 mm; hypanthium cup shaped, ca. 5 mm long, the calyx teeth low to absent; standard nearly round, erect, ca. 20 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, emar- ginate, the claw slender, to 5 mm long, the wings oblong, ca. 20 mm long, 5 mm wide, the keel petals ca. 18 mm long, ca. 5 mm wide, coherent at the base;
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Habit
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Trees
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Description
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stamens diadelphous, the tube ca. 12 mm long, 3 mm wide at the base, free filaments alternately long and short; ovary linear, ca. 1 cm long, 1 mm wide, glabrous, the stipe to 5 mm long, the style to ca. 4 mm long, the stigma capitate. Fruit light to dark brown, narrow, oblong, ca. 15 cm long, 2 cm wide, the stipe to 1 cm above the persistent cup shaped calyx, margined, surface dull, glabrous, faintly wrinkled or striate; the valves hard, twisting in dehiscence; seeds 3-10, dark brown, nearly round to somewhat oblong, compressed, to 1 cm long.
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Distribution
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from Mexico to Colombia and in the West Indies.
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Note
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It is also widely cultivated in the New World and was early introduced into the Old World tropics where it has become naturalized, at least in some areas, e.g., the Philippines. It is used as a living fencepost, for hedges, and as a shade tree for cocoa and coffee, although it is less suited to the latter crop since it is leafless for part of the year. The ground bark, leaves, and seeds are used for poisoning rats and mice. The plant is reported to be poisonous to dogs and horses, but cows and goats apparently graze the leaves with no harm (Blohm, 1962). Poultices of the fresh leaves are used to treat skin afflictions. In parts of Central America the flowers are fried and eaten. The species is apparently especially common in the woods and pastures of the Pacific plains in Central America. Common names in Panama are "mata-raton," and "madre de cacao." (For additional common names and other notes see Standley, 1928.) In describing the genus Gliricidia, Kunth stated that it included Robinia se- pium Jacq. and R. maculata H.B.K., but Kunth did not make the combinations in Gliricidia. Steudel's 1840 citation is invalid since he used the names as syn- onyms of Lonchocarpus sepium and L. maculatus. Walpers (1842) made valid combinations under Gliricidia. The specific epithet "sepium" is apparently derived from the Latin "saepes" (genitive plural "saepium" or "sepium") meaning "of hedges," which is appro- priate since the tree is widely planted as living fenceposts. Thus the epithet does not change in form with gender and the usage in Index Kewensis, Suppl. 13, as "Robinia sepia" is in error.
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Common
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mata-raton madre de cacao
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Specimen
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BOCAS DEL TORO: Almirante, Blum 1349 (FSU, MO, SCZ); Carleton 155 (US). Almirante, Cooper 528 (F). Along runway at Bocas, Lazor et al. 2338 (FSU). Bocas del Toro Island airport, Lewis et al. 779 (MO). Isla Col6n, 0-120 m, Wedel 505 (GH, MO). Chiriqui Lagoon, Wedel 1198 (GH, MO, US). Water Valley, Wedel 2747 (GH, MO, US). CANAL ZONE: Near mouth of Rio Chagres, Allen 871 (F, GH, MO). Near Paraiso, Croat 13953 (MO). Banks of the Chagres River, below Gatfin, near sea level, Maxon 4838 (US). Anc6n, Piper 5133 (US). Summit Road, Stern & Chambers 157 (MO, NY, US). Road from Macaracas to Chitr& Highway, Tyson et al. 3151 (MO). Fort Sherman, Tyson & Blum 3781 (MO). Summit, roadside, Woodworth & Vestal 477 (F, GH). CHIRIQUf: 1.6 mi W of Puerto Armuelles, 50 m, Croat 21927 (DUKE, left-hand specimen; MO, right-hand specimen). Boquete, 3300-4200 ft, Lewis et al. 393 (MO). 2 km NE of Remedios, 15 m, Nee 10124 (MO, US, WIS). COLON: Puerto Pil6n, Correa & Dressler 1191 (DUKE). Penonome, 50-1000 ft, Williams 341 (NY). DARIEN: El Real along trail to Rio Pirre, Stern et al. 289 (GH, MO, US). HERRERA: Paris de Parita, Carrasquilla 173 (DUKE, MO). Outskirts of Chitre, Stern et al. 1230 (GH, MO, US). Las Minas, along Rio Las Trancas, Stern et al. 33625 (MO). 4 mi S of Los Pozos, Tyson 2701 (FSU, MO, US). 5 mi S of Pese, Tyson et al. 2886 (MO, SCZ). LOS SANTOS: El Ejido de Los Santos, Lao 88 (DUKE, MO). Road from Macaracas to Chitre Highway, Tyson et al. 3151 (FSU, SCZ). PANAMA: Panama Viejo, Dodge 17517 (GH, MO). Taboga Island, Dwyer 2812 (FSU), 2872, 4467 (both MO). Bellevista, MacBride 2759 (F, US). Taboguilla Island, Miller 1983 (US). Roadside between Chepo and Rio Bayano, Porter et al. 5176 (MO, SCZ). Taboga Island, Standley 27076, 27857 (both US). SAN BLAS: Duke 10179 (MO, OS). VERAGUAS: Santiago, Allen 1077 (MO). Sona, Allen 4261 (MO, US). Cafiazas, Tyson 3608, 3626 (both MO). 2 mi S of Cafiazas, Tyson 3723 (FSU, MO, SCZ).
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