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(Last Modified On 8/7/2013)
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(Last Modified On 8/7/2013)
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Species
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Drymonia serrulata (Jacq.) Mart.
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PlaceOfPublication
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Nov. Gen. 3: 59, 1829 & 3: 192. 1832.
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Synonym
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Besleria serrulata Jacq., Hort. Schbnbr. 3: 21, tab. 290. 1798. TYPE: Cult., Hort. Schdnbrunn, Jacquin (W, not seen). Besleria spectabilis Kunth, in H.B.K., Nov. Gen. Sp. P1. 2: fol. ed. 321; qto. ed. 400. 1818. TYPE: Smita R., between La Sequia and Popayan, Dept. Cauca, Colombia, Humboldt & Bon- pland 2028 (P-BO, not seen; IDC 6209-2, 58. II, 7). Drymonia bicolor Lindl., Bot. Reg. 24: tab. 4. 1838. Illegitimate renaming of Besleria serrulata Jacq. Drymonia jacquinii G. Don., Gen. Hist. 4: 653. 1838. Based on Besieria serrulata Jacq. Drymonia spectabilis (Kunth) Mart. ex G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 653. 1838. Drymonia cristata Miq., Linnaea 18: 26. 1844. TYPE: Surinam, Focke 766 (U, not seen). Drymonia parvifolia Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.I. 463. 1861, not Morton. TYPE: Magdelena, Santa Marta, Colombia, Purdie 177 (GOET, K, not seen). Drymonia maculata S. Moore, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. Ser. 2, 4: 410. 1895. TYPE: Barro do Bugres, Matto Grosso, Brazil, S. Moore 529 (BM, not seen). Drymonia chiapensis T. S. Brandeg., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 64. 1914. TYPE: Finca Mexiquito, Chiapas, Mexico, Purpus 6875 (UC, holotype, not seen).
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Description
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Succulent, terrestrial herbs or low shrubs, epiphytic or scandent shrubs, or more usually lianas; stem succulent when young, becoming woody with a papery bark, when erect to 2 m tall, or to 10 m long and 10 cm in diam. near the base when climbing, often with adventitious roots in the internodes or with prominent brownish corky lenticels on woody stems, reddish or green, sparsely strigose or puberulous toward the apex; branched or not. Leaves opposite, equal to nearly equal in a pair, elliptic or oblong to obovate, 4-19 cm long, 2-8 cm wide, the apex acute or acuminate, the base cuneate to rounded, sometimes oblique, serrulate to sinuate dentate, somewhat succulent when fresh, dark green or with a lighter patterning above, sparsely strigillose to scabrous, below light green to purplish or with a purple patterning especially in younger leaves, sparsely strigillose to glabrescent, less between the veins; petioles 0.6-30 cm long, ap- pressed pubescent. Inflorescences of solitary or rarely to 3 flowers in the leaf axils; peduncles, lacking; pedicels 0.5-2.5 cm long, puberulous. Flowers large and showy; calyx of 5 more or less free leaflike lobes, the 4 lobes erect, nearly equal, ovate, lanceolate to oblong, decurved, 2-5 cm long, 0.5-3 cm wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, the base rounded to cordate, the fifth (dorsal) calyx lobe smaller than the others and curved around the corolla spur, all with entire, sinuate to serrulate margins, puberulous or sparsely strigillose on both sides, persistent and accrescent in fruit; corolla variously colored, from white, cream, pale yellow, pink, dark red to purple, often with red, lavender, maroon, or purple veins or spots in the throat of the tube, coloring becoming darker during anthesis, 3-7 cm long, puberulent outside, inside glandular pubescent at least toward the throat, the tube oblique, with a basal globose spur, then contracted above the spur, gibbous or ventricose dorsally above, then broadening toward the throat, 2-3 cm long, 3-8 mm wide at the base, 10-20 mm wide at the throat; limb broad, bilabiate, the lobes rounded, 1.0-1.5 cm wide, serrulate, reflexed, except the lower anterior lobe which is larger and erose fimbriate, all often darker colored or spotted; stamens included, held in the throat at anthesis, then coiling and withdrawing, the filaments broader at the base, glabrous, the anthers connivent, ca. 6 mm long, 2 mm wide, the base spurred and sagittate, the staminode small, glabrous; disc of a single large gland or annular and dorsally widened, glabrous; ovary ovoid, puberulous, the style elongating as filaments withdraw, ca. 2.5 cm long, curved, glandular pubescent; stigma bibbed. Capsule globose to broadly ovoid, 1-2 cm long and wide, puberulous, the line of de- hiscence prominent, bivalved, the valves thick and fleshy, yellowish to purplish outside, orange to red within with a large dark conic mass of placental and funicle tissue and seeds; seeds black, shiny, oblong, fusiform, ca. 1 mm long, twisted and striate. Chromosomes 2n -18 (Ratter, 1963), n = 9 (Wiehler, 1972).
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Habit
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herbs or low shrubs
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Note
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Drymonia serrulata is the most widely distributed species in the genus and one of the most widely distributed of the Gesneriaceae.
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Distribution
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from Mexico to the Matto Grosso in Brazil, and on the Lesser Antilles.
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Note
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Its habit and habitat are equally as diverse: it is sometimes an epiphyte, but often rooted in the ground and climbing on trees or shrubs; it sometimes grows over rocks on exposed lime- stone outcrops, beaches or sea-cliffs or in moist undisturbed forests, and it even occurs in dry-deciduous woods, at roadsides, clearings, and second growth forests. In Panamai it has been widely collected at low to middle elevations except in low- lands of Chiriqui Province. A population from Cerro Jefe appears to be intermediate between Dryjmonia serrulata and D. alloplectoides in leaf size and serration, and in flower size and color. The plant(s) may be the result of hybridization between the two com- monly collected parents that are both found in Panamal Province, on or near Cerro Jefe.
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Specimen
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BOCAS DEL TORO: Changuinola valley, Dunlap 217 (US), 555 (US). Chiriqui Lagoon, Wedel 1219, (MO, US), 1245 (US), 1272, 1388 (all MO, US), 1281 (MO). Water Valley, Chiriqui Lagoon, Wedel 1555 (MO, US). Old Bank Island, Chiriqui Lagoon, Wedel 1890, 2006, 2052 (all MO, US). Little Bocas, Chiriqui Lagoon, Wedel 2497 (MO, US). Shepherd Island, Chiriqui Lagoon, Wedel 2708 (MO, US). CANAL ZONE: Barro Colorado Island, Aviles 54a (MO); Bangham 415 (US); Bartlett & Lasser 16730 (MICH, MO); Croat 6037 (DUKE, F, MO, NY); Croat 6054 (F, MO, SCZ); Croat 6121 (MO, NY, SCZ); Croat 6130 (MO); Croat 6153 (MO, SCZ); Croat 7332 (F, MO, NY, SCZ); Croat 11737 (MO, NY, SCZ, US); Croat 11756 (MO, SCZ); Croat 11771 (MO); Dwyer 1443 (MO, SCZ, US); Ebinger 269 (F, MO); Kenoyer 541 (US); Killip 40024 (US); Shattuck 143, 294, 508, 1065 (all MO); Standley 41135 (US); Weaver & Foster 1474 (DUKE, F, MO, PMA); Wilbur & Weaver 10787 (DUKE); Woodworth & Vestal 371 (MO). TTC Albrook Tower, Blum 1079 (MO, SCZ). Road S-10, N of Escobal, Croat 12438 (MO, MO). Forest N of Summit Hills Golf Course, Croat 16654 (MO). Espave forest along Albrook-Ft. Clayton dump road, Duke & Mussell 6625 (MO, US). Fort Sherman, Dwyer 7184 (MO, NY). Coco Solo, U.S. Army Tropic Test Center, Mine Emplacement Center, Dwyer & Duke 7886 (MO). Roadside woods, Madden Dam, Boy Scout Camp Road, Dwyer & Elias 7501 (MO). Madden Dam, Ebinger 846 (MO, US). Pipeline Road, Gentry 1424 (MO). Road K-19, 2 mi from W border of Zone to cleared area near Canal, Gentry 1788 (MO, NY, SCZ). Coco Solo, Gentry 6073 (MO). Cerro Galera ca. 2 km from Pacific Ocean near W boundary of Canal Zone, 350-400 m, Gentry 6638 (MO). Madden Dam, 50 ft, Lewis et al. S (MO). U.S. Naval Ammunition Depot 2 mi W of Balboa on Highway 1, Luteyn & Foster 924 (DUKE). NW corner of Zone on inland road to Pinas from Gatuin, 80( m, Mori & Kallunki 1939 (MO, PMA). RR and Panama Canal 6 km W of Gamboa, 30-40 m, Nee 7205 (MO). 1/2 km W of Gamboa, 30 m, Nee 7501 (MO, US). Fort Sherman near mouth of Chagres River, Tyson 1531 (FSU, MO, SCZ). Old Fort San Lorenzo Tyson 1579 (FSU, MO, SCZ, US), 2231 (FSU, MO, SCZ). Between Fort Davis and Coco Solo Hospital, Tyson 6810 (MO, NA, PMA). cHnIQUi: Boquete, 3800 ft, Davidson 828 (MO, US). S of Questa Piedra along Concepcion-Volca6n road, Folsom 3961 (MO, US), 3962 (MO, US). COCLE: El Valle de Anton, N Hills, Allen 3557 (MO, US); Bartlett & Lasser 16707 (MICH, MO). 8 mi N of El Valle de Anton, Luteyn & Kennedy 1708 (DUKE, MICH, MO). W slope and summit of Cerro Valle Chiquito, 700-800 m, Seibert 499 (MO). N slopes of Cerro Guacamayo, SE of El Valle, 1800 ft, Webster 16860 (MO). Between Las Margaritas and El Valle, Woodson et al. 1765 (MO, NA, US). COLON: Orillas de Rio Boqueron, ca. 3 km de la Pelona, Carrasquilla et al. 391 (MO). 2 mi NE from Puerto Pilon, trail along Rio Piedras, Correa & Haines 252 (DUKE, MO, PMA). Coastline between Garotte and La Guaira, D'Arcy 9357 (MO). Hills just N of Rio Guanche, Davidse & D'Arcy 10066 (MO). Thickets near beach, Maria Chiquita, E of Rio Piedras toward Portobelo, Dwyer & Kirkbride 7776 (MO). Between Rio Piedras and Puerto Pilon, Lewis et al. 3223A (MO, SCZ). 6 mi SW of Portobelo, Luteyn 1428 (DUKE). Tributary of Quebrada Anchca 4 km E of Buena Vista, 3 km N of cement plant, 80 m, Nee 7782 (MO, US). Fato (Nombre de Dios), sea level, Pittier 3843 (US). Rio Sirri, Trinidad Basin, 20-50 m, Pittier 4017 (US). Santa Isabel, sea level, Pittier 4180 (US). DARIEN: Peak ca. 300 ft high between Rio Balso & Rio Areti at their confluence, Duke 8732 (MO, REED). Quebrada Maskia off Rio Pucro above Pucro, Duke 13089 (MO, OS). Quebrada Bidoto (Peccary Creek) off Rio Areti, Duke 13595 (MO). Rio Tuira, between Rio Punusa & Rio Mangle, Duke 14606 (MO, REED). Camino del Pirre, Duke & Bristan 256 (MO). River Canglon, Duke & Bristan 379 (MO). Puerto Saint Dorotea, on beach, Dwyer 2273 (MO). Rio Tuquesa, at middle Tuquesa Mining Company camp called Charco Peje, 250 m, Moni 7022 (MO). Cana, 1750 ft, Stern et al. 462 (MO, US). Penas Bay near hotel, Tyson 5526 (DUKE, FSU, MO). LOS SANTOS: Loma Prieta, 800-900 In, Duke 11857 (MO, REED), 11872 (MO, OS). Cerro Pilon, 2700 ft, Dwyer & Lallathin 8622 (MO). Loma Prieta, Cerro Grande, 2400-2800 ft, Lewis et al. 2221 (MO, SCZ). N of Guaniquito, ca. 10 mi N of Tonosi along Rio Tonosi, 100-200 m, Luteyn & Foster 1374 (DUKE). PANAMA: Cerro Jefe, Dressler 3575 (PMA); Dwyer & Gauger 7382 (MO). Rio Chagres, 1 mi above Madden Lake, Duke 4477 (MO, US). Rio Pita, 0-2 mi above tidal limit, Duke 4791 (MO, US). Chepo Highway W of Rio Pacora, Duke 5889 (MO). Cerro Campana, Duke 5987 (MO). San Jose Island, road be- tween Bodega Bay and Mata Pierco, Duke 12530 (MO). Between Cafiasas and Sabalo, 100 m, Duke 14486 (MO). Alhajuela, Dwyer 1139 (SCZ). Goofy Lake to 1.5 mi S of Goofy Lake, 1800 ft, Dwyer & Hayden 8034 (MO). Goofy Lake toward Cerro Azul, ca. 2 mi S of Goofy Lake, Dwyer & Stimson 8068, 8073 (both MO). San Jose Island, Pearl Archipelago, Main Beach, Harlow 53 (US). Main Beach, San Jose Island, Johnston 62 (MO, US). Region of Cerro Azul, Finca El Indio, ca. 0.5 mi in, 750 m, Kennedy 1527 (MO). Path beyond the village of La Eneida, 1000 m, Luteyn & Foster 1108 (DUKE). Ridge 3 km S of Alcalde Diaz, 410- 440 m, Nee 8560 (MO). Alhajuela, Paul 497 (US). Chepo, 60 m, Pittier 4467 (US). 1 mi E of El Llano, Tyson 6838 (MO, NA, PMA). SAN BLAS: Beach E of Puerto Obaldlia, Croat 16904 (MO). Nakka, Dwyer 6885 (MO, SCZ). WITHOUT LOCALITY: Hayes 827 (NY).
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