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(Last Modified On 1/22/2013)
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(Last Modified On 1/22/2013)
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Species
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Ficus CITRIFOLIA P. Mill.
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PlaceOfPublication
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Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Ficus no. 10. 1768.
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Synonym
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Ficus pedunculata Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 1. 3:450. 1789. Ficus populifolia Desf. Tabl. ed. 1. 239. 1804, nom. nud. (fide herb. Desf.). Ficus populnea Willd. Sp. P1. ed. 4.4:1141. 1806. Ficus laevigata Vahl, Enum. 2: 183. 1806. Ficus lentiginosa Vahl, loc. cit. 1806. Ficus gigantea HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 2:48. 1817. Ficus rubrinervis Link, Enum. P1. Hort. Berol. 2:448. 1822. Ficus eximia Schott, ex Spreng. Syst. Veg. ed. 16. 4 (App.) :410. 1827. Ficus pyrifolia Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. ed. 3. 413. 1829. Ficus catesbaei Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2. 1:636. 1840. Ficus botryapioides Kunth & Bouche, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 15. 1846. Ficus syringaefolia Kunth & Bouche, loc. cit. 1846. Urostigma angustifolium Miq. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6:539. 1847. Urostigma amazonicum Miq. loc. cit. 541. 1847 Ficus brevif olia Nutt. Sylva, ed. 1. 2:3. 1854. Ficus surinamensis Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3:219. 1867. Ficus angustifolia (Miq.) Miq. loc. cit. 298. 1867, nec Blume (1826) nec Roxb. (1814). Ficus amazonica (Miq.) Miq. loc. cit. 1867. Ficus thamaea Miq. loc. cit. 299. 1867. Ficus populoides Warb. in Urb. Symbol. Antill. 3:479. 1903. Ficus rectinervis Warb. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 59 (Mem. 3):642. 1912 (1913), nom. nud. Ficus brittonii Boldingh, Fl. Curaqao 20. 1914. Ficus hemsleyana Standl. in Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20:29. 1917 (non King, 1887). Ficus guaranitica Chodat, in Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve. 2 ser. 11:254. 1919 (1920). Ficus turbinata Pitt. in Bol. Soc. Venez. Cienc. Nat. 430:61. 1937 (non Willd. 1806). Ficus subandina Dugand, in Caldasia 14:66. 1942. Ficus standleyana Dugand, loc. cit. 2:441. 1944. Ficus antimanensis Pitt. Mss. Ficus dugandii auct.
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Description
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Trees to 16 m. tall, or in exposed places, a shrub 0.3-2 m. tall. Twigs 2-6 mm. in diameter, glabrous, with a thin yellowish periderm. Stipules 5-30 mm. long, narrowly deltoid, glabrous, sometimes somewhat glaucous. Lamina 1.5-12 cm. wide X 2.5-20 cm. long, lanceolate, ovate, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic- ovate, oblong, or obovate; apex acute to acuminate; base rounded, rounded-cuneate cuneate, or truncate, frequently emarginate or subcordate; lateral veins 4-16 pairs, departing from the midrib at an angle from 10?-40?; basal veins, departing.from the midrib at a similar angle, or to 600; intercostals not, or scarcely, prominent. Petiole 7-70 mm. long, slender, 1/2-1/7 (-1/8) the length of the lamina. Figs 6-12 [-15] mm. in diameter, globose, glabrous, borne among the leaves; color reddish or yellowish when ripe; peduncle 2-18 mm. long, glabrous or puberulent; basal bracts two, 2-3 mm. long, broadly deltoid to semicircular, with a hyaline margin, glabrous or puberulent; orifice 2-3 mm. in diameter, flat or very slightly raised.
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Habit
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Trees
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Distribution
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Florida to Paraguay, in lowland forests.
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Specimen
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CANAL ZONE: Chagres, Fendler 286; Limon Bay, Johnston I533, I548; Culebra, Pittier 23I8; Balboa, Standley 25473, 25580; Barro Colorado Island, Standley 4II29. PANAMA: San Jose Island, Johnston I09, 494, 68o, 752, I063, I077, 1109, ii68, II77, I38I, 1387, I389, I390; Taboga Island, Standley 27887.
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Note
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F. hemsleyana Standl. Standley published this name as a substitute for the epithet verrucosa of Liebmann. Standley apparently did not see the type, for the material that he has cited which I have seen (Tonduz 11576; Fendler 286) repre- sents a form of F. citrifolia. Oersted's plant is a very different thing, perhaps allied to F. petiolaris or F. obtusifolia. Ficus citrifolia, as I understand it, is a species which ranges from Florida to Paraguay. Though there seems to be little direct evidence, I presume that this is frequently a species of disturbed habitats. Specimens from relatively high altitudes (600-1700 m.) in the Greater Antilles and Venezuela and Colombia (F. populoides, F. turbinata, F. subandina) may represent a separate taxon, though present infor- mation suggests that they are only ecological forms. There is not enough informa- tion at present to evaluate their status. The leaf shape is generally ovate, with the base rounded and/or more or less emarginate. The leaf bases may vary from round to emarginate on the same twig. Along the northern coast of South America and the eastern coast of Central America, from the Guianas to Honduras, the leaf form seems to be predominantly oblong (F. angustifolia, F. surinamensis, F. hemsleyana, F. standleyana). Forms occur, however, which are transitional to the normal leaf form of the species. The type of Ficus citrifolia is in the Banksian Herbarium at the British Museum (NH). It consists of a twig with two leaves and a peduncle with the remnants of a fig. There is no doubt that it represents this common lowland fig of the West Indies. The Catesby plant to which Miller makes reference is not a particu- larly good representation, but N. L. Britton refers to it here.
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