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Flora Data (Last Modified On 10/28/2013)
Species Guadua ciliata Londofio & Davidse
Note TYPE: Venezuela. Territorio Federal Amazo- nas: Dpto. Atabapo, Cucurital de Caname, southern bank of the middle part of Canio Can- ame, 3?40'N, 67?22'W, ca. 100 m, edge of forest, with Mauritia, seasonally inundated and hummocky, 30 Apr.-l1 May 1979, G. Davidse, 0. Huber & S. S. Tillet 16924 (holotype, MO; isotypes, INPA, K, SI, TULV, US, VEN).
Description Woody, climbing bamboo, lacking thorns, only the lowest portion self-supporting, the distal portion cascading down from trees. Rhizomes sympodial, pachymorph. Culms 4-10 m long, 0.8-2.0 cm diam., green when young, turning yellowish at maturity, rather slender; internodes mostly 20-30 cm long, cylindrical, usually glabrous, sometimes densely pu- berulent or appressed pubescent, hollow, with thick walls 2-4 mm wide, subsolid in the lower part of the culm and branches; nodes with a horizontal nodal line and a nearly horizontal nodal ridge, the area between the nodal line and ridge densely puberulent, a dense band 2-3 mm wide of white, retrorsely appressed hairs below the nodal line; bud solitary, positioned close to the nodal line, not elevated, plano- convex, the shoulders of the prophyll ciliolate. Culm leaves coriaceous, tardily deciduous, pushed away by the developing axillary branches; sheaths 8-15 cm long, 3.5-6.0 cm wide, abaxially glabrescent, adaxially glabrous, tessellate in the upper portion, stramineous when old, indurate, strongly attached by a basal, dark, well-marked, thickened, persistent girdle, the margins ciliate with purplish and hyaline hairs; auricles mostly lacking, rarely to 2 mm long and fimbriate on the margin with setae 5-8 mm long; inner ligule a truncate, densely ciliolate mem- brane 0.4-2.2 mm long, abaxially densely strigillose; outer ligule lacking; blades 1.0-2.4 cm long, 0.5- 1.0 cm wide, triangular, erect and appressed to the culm, mucronate, thinner than the sheath, abaxially glabrous and conspicuously many-nerved, adaxially densely strigose between the nerves with hyaline or purple hairs, the margin finely ciliolate, the mucro 2-3 mm long, the junction with the sheath slightly notched. Branching intravaginal, typically with one strongly dominant, erect to patent branch at the lower nodes, the middle and upper nodes with a dominant central branch and with 2 slender branch- es arising from lateral buds at proximal nodes of the central branch. Foliage leaves 7-11 per comple-
Habit bamboo
Description ment, + horizontal to drooping; sheaths green when young, turning stramineous, abaxially glabrous, rarely sparsely hispid, shiny, strongly nerved, bearing oral setae at the summit, the margins ciliate; auricles usually absent, occasionally developed to 1-3 mm long and fimbriate; oral setae irregularly developed, 2-11 mm long, early deciduous, straight below, curled distally, yellowish to stramineous; inner ligule 1.0-2.2 mm long, slightly incurved, membranous, broadly obtuse to truncate, glabrous or puberulent and finely ciliolate; outer ligule a stramineous rim 0.3-1.0 mm long, dipping in the middle, glabrous; pseudopetiole 0.5-1.4 cm long, pulvinate, adaxially hispidulous, abaxially glabrous, sometimes with a patch of hairs above the pulvinus, the pulvinus shiny, glabrous and yellowish; blades (9-)12-25(-27.5) cm long, (1.2-)2-3.5(-4.3) cm wide, linear-lanceo- late, to ovate-lanceolate in flag blades, olive green, apically acuminate, 15-23-nerved, marginally sca- brous, adaxially glabrous, abaxially glabrous and tessellate, the midnerve prominent, yellowish. Syn- fiorescences usually terminating leafy branches of all orders, iterauctant, consisting of 3-7 coflores- cences, each with 1-3 multiflowered pseudospikelets, occasionally forming ? dense aggregations of up to 100 pseudospikelets on leafless axes, the main axes glabrescent. Pseudospikelets (3-)5-7(-11) cm long, 3-4(-5) mm wide, linear-lanceolate, sessile, olive green when young, stramineous when mature, cov- ered with wax, all but the terminal one on each branch consisting of 1 subtending bract, 1 prophyll, 1-3 gemmiparous glumes, and 5-9 florets, the distal 2-4 florets progressively reduced, ending in a ru- dimentary floret, the terminal pseudospikelet lacking an immediately subtending bract and prophyll; rach- illa segments 3.0-9.5 mm long, ciliolate on the rim, disarticulating just below its juncture with the lem- ma, densely puberulent on segments between the subtending bract and the gemmiparous glumes, varying to glabrescent on the segments between the lemmas; subtending bracts throughout the main axis with blades from fully developed and similar to small foliage blades varying to reduced apicules, generally gemmiparous, the blades deciduous; pro- phyll 3-13 mm long, abaxially puberulent, adaxially shiny and glabrous, rarely enclosing a bud, the keels and margins ciliate; gemmiparous glumes 5-16 mm long, 6-9 mm wide, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 13- 19-nerved, only the midnerve prominent distally, usually apiculate, sometimes with a small blade, mar- ginally ciliolate, abaxially glabrous or appressed pu- bescent, adaxially tessellate and densely strigillose toward the apex; lemmas 1.4-2.3 cm long, 7-9 mm wide, ovate, rounded on the back, 23-27-nerved, completely embracing the palea and the rachilla segment, apiculate, shiny, marginally ciliate with purplish and hyaline hairs 0.4-0.9 mm long, abax- ially with appressed hyaline hairs between the nerves or glabrescent, adaxially tessellate and densely stri- gillose in the upper 1X6, the apiculum 1-2 mm long; palea smaller than the lemma, 8-17 mm long, ca. 2 mm wide, 2-keeled, the keels abaxially promi- nently winged, 4-7-nerved between the keels, pur- plish ciliolate at the summit between the keels, the wings of the keels 0.7-0.9 mm wide distally, 1-2- nerved, puberulent on both surfaces in the upper ? -?1/3, purplish ciliolate above the middle, the cilia finer and hyaline toward the base, the margins of the palea overlapping, 2-nerved, glabrous on the back, ciliolate in the upper half; lodicules 3, 5.1- 7.2 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, 9-13-nerved, acute, ciliolate near the apex with minute purple cilia, the anterior pair slightly asymmetrical, fleshy thickened below, thinly membranous above, the posterior one symmetrical, slightly narrower and thinner than the anterior pair; stamens 6, the filaments filiform, free, the anthers 5.5-7.5 mm long, attached in the lower 1,, yellowish purple when young then brown, sag- ittate basally and emarginate apically; ovary fusi- form, glabrous; style 1, pilose; stigmas 3, yellowish to red-brown, plumose. Fruit a caryopsis, 8.5-10.0 mm long (including the style base), 2.5-2.6 mm wide, dark brown, the body glabrous, the embryo side convex, the hilum side somewhat flattened, the apical portion asymmetrically curved in side profile; embryo 1/& as long as the caryopsis; hilum a prom- inent groove as long as the caryopsis body; style base 1.5-2.7 mm long, persistent, densely pilose.
Specimen VENEZUELA. TERRITORIO FEDERAL AMAZONAS: Dpto. Atabapo, Caino Can- ame, S bank near Mavacal, 3'41'N, 67'23'W, ca. 95 m, 29 Apr. 1979, Davidse et al. 16871 (BRI, CAY, MO, US, VEN); upper portion of Canio Caname, 3'40'N, 67'13'W, ca. 100 m, 3 May 1979, Davidse et al. 17114 (COL, L, MO, US, VEN); lower part of Caiio Yagua, Chipital, 3'29'N, 66'41'W, ca. 120 m, 7 May 1979, Davidse et al. 17318 (MO, US, VEN); Rio Puruname, 30-35 km desde la boca, 3'24'N, 66'20'W, 100-150 m, 30 May 1982, Huber & Tillett 6389 (MO, US); Dpto. Rio Negro, 0-0.5 km NW of San Carlos de Rio Negro along river, 1'55'N, 67'5'W, 120 m, 28 Nov. 1977, Liesner 3977 (ISC, MO, PRE, US, VEN); Solano, along the Brazo Casiquiare, 1?57'N, 66057'W, 75 m, 26 June 1984, Davidse & Miller 26665 (MO, US, VEN); 0-0.3 km NW of San Carlos and Rio Negro, ca. 20 km S of confluence of Rio Negro and Brazo Casiquiare, 1?56'N, 67003'W, 120 m, 8 Apr. 1979, Liesner 6373 (MO). BRAZIL. AMAZONAS: Rio Negro, Tapuruquara, 22 Jan. 1978, Steward et al. 466 (MO); Rio Negro, Rio Tea, Bacuri, 12 Sep. 1979, Kubitzki et al. 79-243 (MO, US); Rio Negro, Ilha Tamanquar6, near Santa Isabel do Rio Negro (Tapuruquara), 12 Sep. 1979, Kubitzki et al. 79- 251 (MO, US); Rio. Negro, Tapuruquara, Igarap6 Dara, 4 Sep. 1979, Kubitzki et al. 79-135 (MO, NY, US); Rio Negro, lower Rio Curicuriary, 7 Sep. 1979, Kubitzki et al. 79-177 (MO, NY, US); Rio Negro, proximo a Ponta Negra, Mar. 1976, Coelho & Cosme Mota 762 (NY, US); Amazon River about 1 hr. above Manaus, 18 Aug. 1979, Calder6n et al. 2985 (NY); Rio Urub6, between intersection with Manaus-Caracarai Road and Serra da Lua, 2 Aug. 1979, Calder6n et al. 2910 (MO, US); basin of Rio Negro, between Moreria and Rio Quinini, 10 Nov. 1971, Prance et al. 16251 (NY, US); along the Rio Negro between Manaus and San Gabriel, between Parana de Floresta and the mouth of the Rio Branco, 26 June 1979, Alenqar 56 (US); Secus Rio Negro, Brasiliae sep- tentionalis, inter Barcellos et San Gabriel, Dec. 1851, Spruce
Specimen 1954 (GH, K, NY, P, US, W).
Note This new species is included in Guadua because it possesses the following combination of characters: similar branching pattern, pseudospikelets, fertile florets several, stamens 6, lodicules 3, stigmas 3, style 1 and pilose, palea keels winged, a band of hairs below and above the nodal line, and erect triangular culm blade contiguous or almost so with the culm sheath. Soderstrom & Londoiio (1987) considered the last three characters, plus the pres- ence of thorns on the culms and branches, to be apomorphies that define this genus. However, as pointed out by L. G. Clark (in litt.), culm blades contiguous or nearly so with the sheath is a character also found in Rhipidocladum, Arthrostylidium, and most species of Chusquea, so that this character is really not apomorphic for Guadua. In addition, as shown below, not all species of Guadua have thorns, and a few species of Bambusa possess them. Thus, only the winged palea keels and the band of hairs below the nodal line seem to be good apomorphic characters for Guadua. At least two other described species of Guadua, G. capitata (Trin.) Munro and G. glomerata Munro, as well as several undescribed species, are also climb- ing with relatively slender culms. Most of these have thorns, but some, including G. capitata, lack them. Presently, some of these species are so incompletely known that it is difficult to make an assessment, but further studies may show some of the climbing spe- cies to form a distinct group. Guadua ciliata appears to be most closely related to G. latifolia (Humb. & Bonpl.) Kunth and G. glomerata. The three species are very similar in the form of the culm and foliage leaves. Guadua ciliata is distinguished from G. glomerata by the hollow, smooth, and thornless (vs. solid, strigose, and slightly thorny) culms, the erect (vs. reflexed) pseudospikelets, and the ciliate (vs. glabrous) mar- gins of the spikelet bracts. They are similar in the climbing habit and the form of the branch comple- ments. Guadua ciliata is distinguished from G. latifolia by the climbing (vs. erect) habit, the much thinner (0.8-2 cm vs. 3-7 cm diam.) culms, lack of thorns, the usual lack of prominent auricles and fimbria on the culm leaves, and the relatively narrower paleas with fewer veins and narrower wings on the keels. In G. latifolia the palea keel wings are widest below the middle, whereas in G. ciliata they are widest above the middle. Guadua ciliata is similar to G. latifolia in its usually glabrous culm sheaths and prominently ciliate spikelet bracts; the specific ep- ithet is based on the latter character. The lower branches of G. latifolia are usually strongly thorny, although there seems to be a lot of variation in this feature. Guadua ciliata was apparently first collected by Spruce in 1851 along the Rio Negro in Brazil under his number 1954. Shortly afterwards, Munro (1868) misidentified Spruce 1954 as G. latifolia, probably because of the general similarity of the spikelets, and especially because of the ciliate lemmas. As noted by McClure (1973), this mistake was repeated by Doell (1880) in Flora Brasiliensis. The illustra- tion (tab. 49) of G. latifolia in Flora Brasiliensis was also based on Spruce 1954, but actually rep- resents G. ciliata. In his notebook, Spruce named his collection 1954, G. fragilis, a name cited as a nomen nudum in synonymy by Munro (1868) but never validly published. We have studied an isotype and a photograph of the holotype of Bambusa latifolia Humb. & Bonpl. (Venezuela. Amazonas: Rio Casiquiare, Humboldt & Bonpland 1090 (isotype, P)), which is the bas- ionym for G. latifolia. We consider the following collections to belong to this species: Venezuela. Ter- ritorio Federal Amazonas: Dpto. Rio Negro, Neblina Base Camp on the Rio Mawarinuma, 0050'N, 66'10'W, elev. ca. 140 m, 17 July 1984, Davidse & Miller 27454 (MO, VEN); same locality, 17 July 1984, Davidse & Miller 27432 (BRI, COL, K, LE, MEXU, MO, P, PRE, TULV, US, VEN); 22 Feb. 1984, Liesner 16183 (MO); 19 Feb. 1985, Nee 30958 (MO, NY); upper Rio Baria, ca. 0055'N, 66'15'W, elev. 100 m, 2-3 July 1984, Davidse & Miller 26893 (CANB, COL, F, INPA, ISC, K, L, LE, MEXU, MG, MO, NY, PRE, TULV, US, VEN); forested riverbank of the Brazo Casiquiare between mouth of the Rio Pasimoni and Culimacare, 1?53'-1?58'N, 66050'-66035'W, elev. 80 m, 25 July 1984, Davidse 27872 (CANB, COL, INPA, ISC, K, MEXU, MG, MO, NY, P, TULV, US, VEN).
Note Guadua ciliata is known from the southwestern quarter of Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela, and northwestern Amazonas, Brazil, but is also to be expected in adjoining areas of Colombia. All col- lections have been made on riverbanks, which are also the habitat of G. latifolia and G. glomerata. Guadua ciliata appears to be much less common than G. latifolia based on the populations that Dav- idse has observed in Venezuela. In Venezuela, all populations of G. ciliata had relatively few individ- uals on high riverbanks that are flooded only infre- quently. On the other hand, G. latifolia formed extensive colonies on gravel and sandbars and low riverbanks subject to frequent flooding. However, label data for some of the Brazilian collections in- dicate that G. ciliata grows in igap6 forest, with the base of the plants submerged in water. The southernmost collections of G. ciliata from Dpto. Rio Negro, Amazonas, Venezuela, and two from Amazonas, Brazil (Liesner 6373, Huber & Tillett 6389, Davidse & Miller 26665, Steward et al. 466, Calder6n et al. 2985), differ from the remaining collections by their pubescent culms, pu- bescent foliage sheaths and subtending bracts, and slightly larger spikelets and auricles.
Distribution known from the southwestern quarter of Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela, and northwestern Amazonas, Brazil, but is also to be expected in adjoining areas of Colombia.
 
 
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