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(Last Modified On 5/16/2022)
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Acceptance
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Accepted
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(Last Modified On 1/6/2021)
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Contributor Text:
A. Ghafoor & M. Qaiser
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Contributor Institution:
Centre for Plant Conservation, University of Karachi – PAKISTAN
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Synonym Text:
Serratula arvensis L., Sp. Pl. 820. 1753; Carduus arvensis (L.) Robson, Brit. Fl. 163. 1777; Cnicus arvensis (L.) O. Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl. 2nd. ed. 1(2): 130. 1804; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 362. 1881; Burkill, Fl. Baluch. 41. 1909; Bamber, Pl. Punj. 368. 1916; Collett, Fl. Simlensis 272. 1921; Kashyap, Lahore Dist. Fl. 145. 1936; Chaudhary, Fl. Lyallpur 171. 1969; C. setosum (Willd.) Bieb. Fl. Taur.-Cauc. 3: 560. 1819; Chardze in Schisch. & Bobrov, Fl. USSR 28: 208. 2001; Cirsium argunense DC., Prodr. 6: 644. 1838; C. incanum (S. G. Gmelin) Fisch. ex M. Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Cauc. 3:561. 1819; Charadze l.c. 211. 2001; Serratula incana S.G. Gmel., Reise 1:155. 1770; Breea arvense (L.) Less., Syn. Gen. Comp. 10. 1832; Kitamura, Fl. Afgh. 393. 1960; Kitamura in Hara et al., Enum. Flow. Pl. Nepal 3: 17. 1982; Hajra in Hajra et al., Fl. Ind. 12: 155. Fig. 46. 1995; Cephalonoplos arvensis (L.) Four., Cat. Rhône 111. 1869; Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. var. setosum (Willd.) Kom., Fl. Manch. 3: 749. 1907; C. arvense (L.) Scop. subsp. setosum (Willd.) Iljin, Fl. Yugo-Vost. SSSR 6:408. 408. 1936.
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Flower/Fruit:
Fl. Per.: May – August Vern.: Laih, Lata Khar (Chitral), Bhur-bhur (Punjab), Kiril & Jachir (Gilgit)
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Type:
Lectotype: “Habitat in Europae cultis agris”, Herb. Linn. 965.19 (LINN) (designated by Moore & Franklin, Thistles of Canada 24. 1974).
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Distribution:
Throughout Europe, Caucasus, Central Asia, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bhutan, Nepal; introduced and naturalized as a noxious weed in Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and USA.
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Comment/Acknowledgements:
An abundant weed on cultivated fields, disturbed sandy river sediments, stony habitats, and in gravel, sometimes in slightly saline habitats, and unstable screes. Ascending from plains to 3500 m.
An extremely variable or polymorphic species in which several specific and infraspecific taxa have been recognized on the basis of leaf division, size of lobes and indumentum. It is one of the most noxious weeds of cultivated fields and waste lands and propagates vegetatively to result in variants and several infraspecific taxa, namely var. arvense, var. alpestre Nägeli, var. integrifolium Wimm. & Grab., var. vestitum Wimm. & Grab., var. mite Wimm. & Grab., var. subulatum Ledeb., var. incanum (Gmel.) Fisch., var. obtusilobum Beck, var. setosum (Willd.) Kom and var. horridum Wimm. & Grab., are recognized. However, our specimens show a continuous variation in different morphological characters, therefore a broader concept of the species is adopted in the present treatment. Nevertheless biosystematics and molecular study may produce interesting results.
The plant is emetic, tonic and diaphoretic and reported to contain a volatile alkaloid, and crystalline inodorous bitter glycoside named cynicin or centaurin. Donkeys graze it and is used as their fodder in Baluchistan.
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Map Location:
A-6 Chitral, Tehsil Turko, Khot valley, Parkhot 30. 6. 1977, irrigated fields, M. Nüsser 2430 (MSB); Tehsil Mastuj, Buni S, 28. 6. 1997, submontane cult. fields, 2150 m, M.Nüsser 2379 (MSB) Chitral Dist.: Chapalli in valle Yarkkhun, 2400 m, Stamm & Wöhrl 721 (W); Chitral, Harchi, Aug.-Sept. 1909, Major S. M. Toppin 676 (K); Ojhor Gol, 8000 ft., 25.6. 1958, J.D.A. Stainton 2740 (RAW); A-7 Hunza, KKH, Between Passu and Batura village, 36º 30´ N, 74º 53´ E, alt. 2500 m, E. Eberhardt Nr. 98-756 (MSB); Batura valley, Hunza, river fan of Fatimahel, 36º 34´ N, 74º 40´ E, alt. 3230 m, 8. 7. 1998 E. Eberhardt 98-153 (MSB); Gilgit Dist.: Sultanabad/Yasin, Northern Areas, ca 2500 m, Feldrain, 26.7. 1990, GS Nr. 15 (MSB); Northern Areas, Karakorum, Batura way from Yashpirt to Kukil, 200 km NW from Passu, 36° 33' N, 74° 45' E, alt. ca 3330 m, 15. 9. 1994, E. Eberhardt 4884 (MSB); North Pakistan, Western Karakorum, Chapursun Valley, Bruk (bridge near Darpan Post), 36° 43' N, 74° 43' E, alt. 2800 m, Tadzhik Vern.: “Kiril”, 6. 9. 1992, K. Knorr s. n. (MSB # 142775); ibid, Upper Misgar Valley, Arbabul, 36° 52' N, 75° 43' E, alt. 3250 m, 17. 7. 2000, E. Eberhardt 8227 (MSB); Gilgit, Hispar Nagar, moist place along with water, perennial herb, 20 inches high, pink flowers, common, alt. 2800 m, 13.7.2009, Sajjad Haider 1671 (KUH); Baltistan, Satpurra Nullah, 10 – 11000 ft., 13.7.92, J. F. Duthie 12006 (O); A-8 Hunza Dist.: above Khaiber, 2800 m, Gojal, Hunza, 1.9.1988, Y. Nasir & Ali Gauhar 13474 (RAW); Hassan Abad Nala, near Balowanch Basa on way to Shishpar, erect herb, upto 11.5 inch, grows in somewhat moist and sunny places, capitula 2.2 cm across, not common, Vern. Jachir, 3.7.2007, Jan Alam 405 (KUH); Ultar Nullah, above Karimabad, erect perennial herb, upto ca 30 cm tall, pink heads plus dull white pappus, common, alt. ca 2900 m, July-Aug. 2003, Jan Alam JA-122 (KUH); Thole Nagar, dry arid place, perennial herb with pink flowers, alt. 1730 m, 26.6.2005, Sajjad Haider 202 (KUH); A-9 Khorbu, Ladakh, Kashmir, 29-30 July 1933, Walter Koelz 6208 (A, MICH); Ladakh,, Leh, 1 – 15 July, 1856, Schlagintweit Cat. # 1356 (M); B-6 Peshawar, Near Khzana Baba on Charsadda – Peshawar road, 10.5.1966, Arif J.Ahmed 39 (M, RAW); Peshawar, 24.4.36, Mohinder Nath 1193(RAW); B-8 Skardu Dist.: Balti, Shigar, (northeast of Skardo) August 1856, Schlagintweit Cat. # 5424 (M); Kashmir, Tangmarg, damp ground around fields, fld. pinkish-purple, O. Polunin 56/315 (B); Ganderbal to Sonamarg, ± 6000 ft., July 13, 1921, R. R. & I.D. Stewart 6205 (RAW); Ladak, left shore of Indus, near Leh, 5 August 1856 Schlagintweit Cat. # 1828 (M); Baltistan, Indus River Valley near Skardu, steep dry slopes West of Nansukh, alt. ca 7500 ft.,fls. lavender, 25. 8. 1955, G. L. Webster 6564 (A); Baltistan, Tale Valley, along stream, 3.5 ft high, fls. rose-colored, alt. 8000 ft., August 24, 1936, Walter Koelz 9769 (NY & A); B-9 Ladák, 20 miles southwest of Leh, villages of the left side of the Indus Valley, 1 – 25 September 1856, Schlagintweit s.n. (M); Nubra, Liágtšung to Panamik (left side of the Núbra Valley, 24 – 31 July 1856, Schlagintweit Cat. # 2057 (M): C-5 South Waziristan, Wana, 1300 m, Harsukh 15675 (RAW); C-6 Kohat Dist.: Kohat, Drummond s. n. (K); Kurram Valley, Aitchison 698 (K); Near Bannu, 1.5.1965, M.A.Siddiqi & Y. Nasir 3407 (RAW); C-7 Punjab, Jhelum Dist., Salt Range, Chuha Saiden Shah, 13.5.1928, Bis Ram 1746 (K); Rawalpindi, 20.3.1876, J. E. T. Aitchison 444 (K); C-9 Skagram, Zanskar Dist. Jammu & Kashmir, 11500 ft., moist grassy areas around cultivated fields of barley; deep root, area grazed by sheep and goats, purple flowers, frequent, 22.7.1981, M. Grace, Bailey, Bull & Carr 133 (K); D-4 Baluchistan, Pishin, Jalojir, ± 5000 ft, Fls. reddish, 21.5.69, Zaffar Ali 5577 (K); Quetta Dist.: Kal Mangalzai on Ziarat Road, 10.7.1980, Farrukh Hussain s.n (RAW); 3 miles from Urak on way to Wali Tangi Dam, protected area, ca 1.2 m tall, florets pink, sandy-loam soil, 9.8.1970, M. Qaiser & A. Ghafoor 1371 (KUH, RAW); Hanna Lake area, Baluchistan 5.5.63, M.A.Siddiqi 1776 (RAW); D-8 Punjab, Lahore, 1000 ft., Reg. Trop. 1846, T. Thomson s.n.(K); Lahore, May 4, 1922, R.R.Stewart s.n. (RAW); 3 miles from Bhai Pheru on way to Canal, undershrub, 40 cm tall, Fls. White, sandy clay soil, 20.4.1969, S. A. Farooqui 2199 (KUH); E-4 Baluchistan, Skalku near Kalat, near water, alt. 7000 ft., fls pink, 19. 6. 1957, Jafri & Akbar 1897 (B); Kalat Dist.: Johan & Khishaw, Dr Stocks 1095 (K, Type of C. stocksii); F-4 Dadu Dist.: Pindgaz Town, Morkoh, ca 60 cm high, Heads purple, 17.8.82, Kamal Akhter Malik & S. Nazimuddin 1492 (KUH).
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Erect, up to 1 (-1.5) m tall, dioecious perennial with deep seated rootstock. Stem unwinged, striate-grooved, appressed arachnoid hairy to grlabrescent, densely foliated below, usually branched from middle upwards, branches suberect, short. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, lower and middle stem leaves occasionally shortly decurrent, entire to pinnatisect, lobes triangular, sinuate-pinnatifid, wavy and with weak to ± stiff, straw-colored, 1 – 5 mm long spines on margins, glabrous to sparsely arachnoid-floccose rarely sparsely spinulose above, densely cobwebby hairy beneath, spiny at the apex, basally semiaplexicaul or semiauriculate, decurrent to form very narrow, minutely spinulose denticulate wings; upper leaves gradually smaller, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, remotely and minutely sinuate-dentate, with soft spines. Capitula ovoid, subsessile or shortly pedunculate, solitary terminal or in corymbs of up to 6 – 9 (–11), dioiceous by abortion, not subtended by involucel of leaves. Involucre ovoid to obovoid-hemispherical, sparingly arachnoid hairy, 10 – 25 mm long. Phyllaries multiseriate, tightly imbricated; outer triangular-oblong, with soft, erect to patent, 1.5 – 3 mm long spines and viscid, carinate in upper part; median and inner gradually longer, narrowly lanceolate, 4 – 10 mm long including up to 1 mm long apical spines; innermost phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ± scarious at the apices. Florets 1.8–2.5 cm long. Corolla pale-purplish, rarely whitish, 1.4 – 2 cm long, limb deeply 5-lobed and twice longer than the tube. Anther filaments glabrous to sparsely papillate. Cypselas oblong, pale-brown. 2.5 – 3 (–3.5) mm long, 1.5 – 2 mm wide. Pappus dirty white, enlarging after anthesis, 2 – 3.5 cm long.
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