2. Arnoglossum plantagineum Raf. (Indian plantain)

Cacalia plantaginea (Raf.) Shinners

C. tuberosa Nutt.

Pl. 296 h, i; Map 1247

Rootstock sometimes somewhat tuberous-thickened, also with somewhat fleshy roots. Stems 0.5–1.6 m tall, angled in cross-section, usually with conspicuous, reddish purple longitudinal lines, not glaucous. Leaves thickened and somewhat leathery or papery in texture. Basal and lower leaves long-petiolate, the blades 8–20 cm long, elliptic to ovate, unlobed, the tip rounded to bluntly pointed, tapered at the base, the margins entire or less commonly shallowly toothed, the venation appearing more or less parallel with 7–10 main veins diverging from the base and converging toward the tip, glabrous, not glaucous. Upper leaves short-petiolate, ovate to narrowly obovate, the margins usually entire, tapered at the base. Involucre 7–10 mm long, the inner bracts with a sharp, winglike, dorsal keel, green, usually with a white dorsal band and tip, the outer series of a few minute, ascending and incurved bracts toward the tip of the stalk of the head. Corollas 8–11 mm long, white or cream-colored. 2n=54. May–August.

Scattered, but apparently absent from portions of the Glaciated Plains Division and the Mississippi Lowlands (Ohio to Louisiana west to South Dakota and Texas; Canada). Upland and occasionally bottomland prairies, calcareous glades, tops of bluffs, savannas, and openings of mesic to dry upland forests; also pastures, railroads, and roadsides.