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(Last Modified On 5/9/2013)
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(Last Modified On 5/9/2013)
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Species
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Simarouba amara Aubl.
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PlaceOfPublication
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Hist. P1. Guiane Fr. 2: 860. 1775.-FIG. 3.
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Synonym
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Quassia simarouba L. f., Suppl. 234. 1781. Zwingera amara (Aubl.) Willd., Sp. P1. 2: 569. 1799. Simarouba amara var. opaca Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(4): 213. 1896. Simarouba opaca (Engl.) Radlk. ex Engl., op. cit., ed. 2. 19a: 374. 1931. Simarouba amara var. typica Cronquist, Bull. Torrey Bot Club 71: 229. 1944.
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Description
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Trees, 5-35 m high; branchlets reddish, glabrate. Leaves even- or odd-pinnate, to ca. 60 cm long; petiole and rachis reddish, minutely puberulent above in the sulcus, the petioles 4-7 cm long; leaflets 9-16, alternate to rarely subopposite, oblong to narrowly obovate or elliptic, rounded and abruptly short-acunfinate to occasionally retuse apically, inequilateral and cuneate basally, the margin entire and retuse, thick, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, paler and duller beneath, the midrib impressed above, prominent beneath, the lateral veins obscure, 2.5-11 cm long and 12-45 mm wide, the lowermost usually smaller, the petiolules 1-2 mm long, minutely puberulent above in the sulcus. Staminate panicles terminal, widely-branched, densely-flowered, reddish, minutely puberu- lent, to ca. 30 cm long. Staminate flowers campanulate, greenish or yellowish, subtended by deciduous spathulate bracts, the pedicels minutely puberulent, 2 mm long; calyx bowl-shaped, 5-lobed, deciduous, ca. 1 mm high, the lobes broadly triangular, ciliate; petals 5, ovate, upright and slightly spreading apically at anthesis, 4-5 mm long and to 3 mm wide; stamens 10, in 2 whorls, ca. 4 mm long, the outermost whorl slightly shorter, the filaments subulate, the appendages densely tomentose, the tomentum covering the disc and intertwining to cohere adjacent filaments; the disc ca. 1 mm high, 5-lobed; the gynoecium rudimentary. Carpellate panicles like the staminate, but fewer-flowered. Carpellate flowers like the staminate, but the pedicels to 5 mm long; petals 3-3.5 mm long; stamens reduced to 10 obovoid, beaked, pubescent staminodia 1 mm high; disc 10-lobed, less than 1 mm high, pubescent to glabrate; ovary obovoid, deeply 5-lobed, glabrous, 2 mm high, the style ca. 1 mm long, deciduous, the stigmas 5, recurved, ca. 1 mm long. Drupes 1-3 per flower, obovoid or ellipsoid, slightly compressed laterally, markedly contracted basally, with a medial ridge and a prominent sub- apical stylar scar, brownish-punctate, glabrous, green to reddish, becoming blue- black at maturity, ca. 1.5 cm long.
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Habit
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Trees
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Distribution
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Brazil and Bolivia north to British Honduras and the Lesser Antilles.
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Note
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In Panama known to flower in March and April and to fruit from March through May.
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Specimen
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CANAL ZONE: Barro Colorado Island, Carpenter 42 (F); in lake, cove S of Colorado Point, Croat 9508 (MO, SCZ); shoreline S of Colorado Point, Croat 8749 (MO), Foster 1666 (MO); W of Fairchild Trail 390, Croat 8416 (MO, NY, SCZ); shoreline of Gigante Bay, SE corner of cove at end of Shannon Trail, Croat 8441 (MO, SCZ); center cove at end of Pefia Blanca Peninsula, Croat 8368 (MO, NY, SCZ); Snyder-Molino Trail, first 200 m, Dressler 3422 (MO), 320, Croat 4540 (MO); Wheeler Trail, Starry 144 (F, MO); Zetek Trail 2, Foster 831 (DUKE, MO), 250, Croat 14026 (MO). Forest, near Indio Tower, Johnston 1792 (A). PANAMA: Near Motel Su Lin along dirt road to Cerro Campana, Correa A. & Dressler 840 (NY, SCZ).
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Note
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Simarouba amara occurs in areas of monsoon forest, evergreen seasonal forest, and premontane rain forest. Notwithstanding Nooteboom's (Blumea 11: 525. 1962) attempt to unite Sima- rouba amara with the more northern S. glauca DC. under the name Quassia simarouba L. f., the two are amply distinct, as indicated by Cronquist (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 71: 230. 1944). The two overlap in Costa Rica and northward, but are easily distinguished, as the flowers of S. amara are smaller, the calyx is conspicuously ciliate, and the petals spread only apically at anthesis.
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