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(Last Modified On 5/16/2013)
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(Last Modified On 5/16/2013)
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Species
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Solanum nigrescens Mart. & Gal.
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PlaceOfPublication
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Bull. Acad. Roy. Brux. 12(1): 140. 1845.
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Note
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TYPE: Galeotti 1238 (P).
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Synonym
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Solanum aloysiaefolium Dun. in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 73. 1852. HOLOTYPE: Bolivia, d'Orbigny 1208 (P). Solanum crenato-dentatum Dun. in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 54. 1852. LECTOTYPE: San Fernando, Chile, Gay s.n. (P); paratype, Mexico, Berlandier 118 (G). Solanum crenato-dentatum var. ramossissium Dun. in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 54. 1852. TYPE: Louisiana, Barbe ?s.n., 1839 (P). Solanum gracile Dun. in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 54. 1852, non S. gracile Sendt. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 10: 13. 1846. TYPE: Hort. Monsp. 1831 (MPU) (= S. gracile Link, nomen nudum). Solanum douglasii Dun. in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 48. 1852. TYPE: California, Douglas 1833 (BM, G-DC, ?K, MPU, P). Solanum nigrum var. rigidum Dun. in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 50. 1852. LECTOTYPE: Specimen labelled manu Dunal "1841-1847" (P). Solanum durangoense Bitt., Fedde Repert. 12: 82. 1913. TYPE: Mexico, Palmer 101 (US). Solanum approximatum Bitt., Fedde Repert. 12: 86. 1913. TYPE: Jamaica, Nichols 89 (MO, US).
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Description
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Perennial herb, rarely to 3 m tall, sometimes epiphytic; stems terete to angled, often purplish; often sarmentose. Leaves to 10 cm long but mostly much shorter, ovate to lanceolate, entire or toothed. Inflorescence a condensed raceme or umbellate, 1- to several-flowered; the peduncle slender, appressed pubescent; pedicels slender, often thickening in fruit, appressed-pubescent, erect or deflexed in flower but always strongly deflexe!d in fruit. Flowers with the calyx lobes ovate, lanceolate or deltoid, not accrescent; corolla white or mauve, mostly with a conspicuous eye, small (to 15 mm across); anthers mostly 2.5-2.9 mm long. Fruit black or rarely green with dark purple markings, dull, mostly 4-8 mm across; seeds 1.2-1.5 mm across. Chromosome number n - 12.
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Habit
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herb
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Note
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This species is widespread in the New World, ranging from Bolivia north to California and North Carolina. In California and Florida, where it is common, it is typically a coastal plant seldom exceeding 70 cm except in the extreme south of these states. Further south it becomes a very large herb, sometimes exceeding 2 m in height. In the tropics it is restricted to middle or perhaps upper elevations. In Panama, the species is plentiful in the Volcan and Boquete districts, where it is a common plant of cafetales and mountain pastures. Solanum nigrescens is quite like S. nigrum L. (which does not occur in Panama) in general appearance but differs in the more slender peduncle and pedicels, the diploid condition, smaller seeds, and its tropical range. It is likely that an earlier name will be found for this species; either because a type may be found to support an earlier name for plants like those of California, Mexico, and Panama, or because a decision is evolved to include plants of S. chenopodioides Lam.4' and S. nigrescens within the same species 'concept. Solanum pygmeum is a name for plants of northern Argentina and southern Brazil, usually recognizable by smaller, sinuately lobed and thicker leaves than are usual on S. nigrescens, but some collections are difficult to assign between these species concepts.
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Distribution
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ranging from Bolivia north to California and North Carolina.
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Specimen
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CANAL ZONE: Empire to Mandinga, Piper 5475 (US). CHIIIQUI: Nueva California, D'Arcy 4245A, 4251, 4253B (all MO). Los Naranjos, in cafetal, D'Arcy 4267, 4271 (both MO). Vegetable fields above Nueva Suisa, Volcan district, 6,000 ft, D'Arcy 5328 (BIRM, MO). Above Boquete in pasture area, 5,200 ft, D'Arcy 5461 (ADW, MO, RSA). Bajo Chorro, Boquete District, rain forest, 6,000 ft, Davidson 183 (A, MO, US). Vicinity of El Boquete, 1,000-1,300 m, weed in coffee plantation, Maxon 5164 (US). Boquete, Seeman 1606 (BM, K). Potrero Muleto to summit, Volcan de Chiriqui, 3,500-4,000 m, terrestrial, flowers white, Woodson & Schery 464 (MO). DARIEN: Boca de Cupe, Williams 678 (US).
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