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(Last Modified On 5/15/2013)
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(Last Modified On 5/15/2013)
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Species
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Lycianthes escuintlensis (Coult.) D'Arcy
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PlaceOfPublication
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Phytologia 25: 116. 1973
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Synonym
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Brachistus escuintlensis Coult., Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 16: 144. 1891. TYPE: Guatemala, Donnell Smith 2267 (US, lectotype; F, C, GH, isolectotypes). Solanum mitratum Greenm. in Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 37: 211. 1904. TYPE: Costa Rica, Donnell Smith 6673 (GH, lectotype; US, isolectotype). Lycianthes mitratum (Greenm.) Bitt., Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 24(2): 500-501. 1919 [192,0]. Lycianthes anomala Bitt., Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 24(2): 515. 1919 [1920]. SYNTYPE: Bourgeau 2536 (K). Lycianthes heteroclita subsp. coalescens Bitt., Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 24(2): 496. 1919 [1920]. TYPE: Guatemala, Tiirckheim 11813 (US, lectotype). Bassovia escuintlensis (Coult.) Standl., Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 23: 1304. 1924. Solanum escuintlense (Coult.) Hunz., Kurtziana 5: 166. 1969.
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Description
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Herb, shrub or tree to 7 m tall; twigs fine-puberulent with minute, weak, simple hairs. Leaves to 20 cm long, mostly elliptic, long-acuminate apically, basally acute or acuminate, membranaceous, darker above and obscurely pubescent with minute, ?glandular, simple hairs, beneath glabrous on the lamina, the veins fine pubescent, ca. 5 on each side; petiole short, to 2 cm long; minor leaves sometimes present on terminal portions of the stem. Inflorescence mostly solitary, sometimes a few-flowered fascicle; pedicels 2-2.5 cm long, straight, obscurely fine puberulent with simple hairs even smaller than those of the twigs, not altering much in fruit. Flowers with the calyx about as broad as deep, 3-4 mm deep, edentate, prominently 5- or 10-ribbed, the ribs drying dark and con- tinuing into the sleeve, often with a whitish appearance due to minute chalky
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Habit
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Herb, shrub or tree
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Description
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trichomes; corolla blue, mauve, or white, ca. 13 mm long, lobed about 1/3 the way down, the interplicae slightly thickened and often whitish-glaucous with minute white trichomes outside, glabrous within; stamens equal, subsessile, connate, 6-9 mm long, forming an ellipsoidal column 5 mm across; style exserted ca. 3 mm, the stigma capitate. Fruit a hard berry tightly packed with seeds, ripening red or orange, depressed-globose, often with an apical sulcus; the calyx not accrescent, not applied to the berry.
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Note
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This species is similar to L. synanthera, but it differs in its usually prominently- ribbed calyx, the usual presence of minute whitish trichomes on calyx and corolla, and in the non-barbellate vein axils of the leaf undersides. Specimens in young fruit may be difficult to distinguish from Witheringia species. This is perhaps the only species of Lycianthes which regularly attains the stature of a tree, and one of the few which does not regularly grow as a climber or vine.
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Distribution
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ranges from Guatemala to Panama, where it occurs principally as a lowland species.
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Note
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There is a wide range of size in the flowers and in the appearance of the calyx, and more than one species may be present. Most Panamanian material has strongly ribbed calyces with no evidence of lateral teeth, and the anthers are less than 7.5 mm long. Several, but not all, collections from Bocas del Toro have completely obscure calyx ribs, anthers ca. 9 mm long, and calyx ribs that are completely obscure. The type collections of Lycianthus escuintlensis, L. mitratum, and L. anomalum have calyces with almost obscure ribs, but the anthers are about 8 mm long; they are quite similar. These and the Bocas del Toro collections just mentioned have larger than usual calyces (5-6 mm long) with one or more small umbos or teeth which are easily missed on superficial examination. A further variant is found in the material from Darien; the flowers are white, the calyx ribs are not prominent, and the flowers are small with the anthers 5 mm long and the corolla 7 mm long. These variants probably warrant formal recognition at some level.
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Specimen
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3OCAS DEL TORO: Lincoln Creek, Changuinola Valley, Dunlap 574 (US). Rio Changuinola near Changuinola, Dwyer 4620 (MO). Banks of river and adjacent rain forest, 10-15 mi. inland from mouth of Changuinola River, Lewis et al. 978 (BIRM, F, MO). Rain forest, Chiriquicito to 5 mi. along Rio Guarumo, Lewis et al. 2025, 2062 (MO). Water Valley, von Wedel 959 (MO, US). Near Chiriqui Lagoon, von Wedel 1110, 1320 (both MO), 1387 (US), 2467 (MO, US). Near Nievecita, 0-50 m, Woodson et al. 1814 (GH, MO, NA, NY). CANAL ZONE: Sunny edge of forest, railroad relocation between Gorgona and Gatin, 10-50 m, Pittier 2281 (US). cHimIQUi: Cerro Horqueta, Blum & Dwyer 2596 (FSU, GH). Trail to lower edge of cloud forest, NW of Boquete, Cerro Horqueta, 500-5,800 ft, Dwyer et al. 451 (MO). COCLE: Near El Valle, 600-1,000 m, Allen 1209 (GH, MO, NY, US). Cloud forest on slopes of Cerro Pilon near El Valle, 700-900 m, Duke 12053 (MO, WIS). El Valle de Anton at foot of Cerro Pilon, 2,000 ft, Dwyer & Correa 8018 (MO). El Valle, Ebinger 962 (MO, US). Mountains beyond La Pintada, 400-600 m, Hunter & Allen 585 (GH, MO, NY). El Valle de Anton and vicinity 500-700 m, Seibert 462 (GH, MO, NY). Near Bajo Mona and Quebrada Chiquero, 1,500 m, Woodson & Schery 555 (MO). DARIEN: Edge of Rio Peresenico near Rio Pirre, D'Arcy 5529 (MO). Rio Pirre near crossing of trail from El Real to Tucuti, 20 mi. W of El Real, Duke 5189 (MO). Along Pan-Am Highway between Pucro and Rio Punusa, Duke 5398 (GH, MO). Loma Cuasi behind Manene, Duke 13614 (MO, US, WIS). Between Rio Perecenico and Rancho Frio, 500-2,500 ft, seasonal deciduous forest, Duke & Elias 13866 (C, MO, NY, P). Rio Sabana above Santa Fe, Duke 14113 (MO). Tumaganti, 300 m, Duke 14167 (ADW, MO, MPU). Premontane rain forest ca. 2 mi. E of Tres Bocas along the shortest headwater of Rio Cuasi, Kirkbride & Duke 1153, 1157, 1208 (all MO). Tres Bocas on the Rio Cuasi, "Toga de monte," "imua" (Choco) used as a narcotic and pain killer, sometimes also used to improve tired eyes, Kirkbride & Duke 1363 (MO). Between Paya and Boca de Paya, Rio Paya, Stern et al. 434A (MO). PANAMA: Forests along headwaters of Rio Corso off Rio Pacora, 500 m, Duke 11906 (MO, OS). Trib- utary of Rio Chagres 5 mi. SW of Cerro Brewster, 1,000 ft, Lewis et al. 3476 (MO).
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