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Published In: Species Muscorum Frondosorum 172. 1801. (Sp. Musc. Frond.) Name publication detailView in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
 

Project Name Data (Last Modified On 3/16/2009)
Acceptance : Accepted
Project Data     (Last Modified On 3/16/2009)
General Reference:

Notes     (Last Modified On 3/16/2009)
general taxon notes:
There are about 85 species of Funaria in the world, with 18 species better understood (Crosby et al. 2000). The genus is distributed in almost every continent, and usually grows on moist, organic soil. Eleven species were reported from China (Redfearn et al. 1996). From this list, five species are here excluded from the genus from China. Funaria connivens C. Müll. was long ago treated as a synonym of F. hygrometrica Hedw. by Ochi (1968). Funaria gracilis (Hook. f. & Wils.) Broth., reported from China by X.-J. Li (ed., 1985) and X.-J. Li (ed., 2000), is now treated under the genus Entosthodon. Funaria lignicola Broth. was transferred to the genus Orthodontium by X.-J. Li (ed., 2000). Funaria orthocarpa Mitt. and F. pilifera (Mitt.) Broth. reported from Xizang and F. physcomitrioides Mont. from Taiwan cannot be confirmed by the present study. Six species are treated in this flora.

 

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3. Funaria Hedw.   葫芦藓属   hu-lu xian shu
Sp. Musc. Frond. 172. 1801.
 
Plants annual or biannual, small to medium-sized, terrestrial, green to yellowish green, in gregarious or dense tufts. Stems short, slender, often simple or sparsely branched at base. Leaves usually small, sparse below, larger and clustered, budlike at stem tips, ovate, lingulate, oblong-ovate to broadly obovate or ovate-lanceolate, concave, acute to acuminate at apex; margins plane, entire or denticulate above, sometimes marginal cells differentiated, forming a distinct border; costa percurrent or shortly excurrent; leaf cells large, lax, thin-walled, oblong-hexagonal above, rectangular below; alar cells not differentiated. Autoicous. Perigonia budlike, terminal; perichaetia located on short lateral branches just below perigonia, the short branches becoming main branches after perigonia dissolve. Setae elongate, slender; capsules long-exserted, suberect to pendulose, broadly pyriform, usually very asymmetric, curved, sulcate or plicate when dry, necks often distinctly developed; opercula nearly flat to low convex with a very short apiculus, rarely conic, usually not papillose; annuli usually inflated, revoluble, sometimes absent; peristome double; exostome teeth narrowly lanceolate, yellowish red or reddish brown, papillose-striate at base, often strongly trabeculate; endostome segments shorter than or nearly as long as the teeth, yellowish, papillose; basal membrane present or lacking; cilia none. Calyptrae inflated-cucullate, long-rostrate, smooth. Spores spherical, yellowish brown, densely papillose.
 
 
 

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1. Capsules strongly inclined to horizontal or pendulose......................2
1. Capsules suberect to inclined...................................................3
2. Apophyses elongate; mouth of capsules wider; exostome teeth strongly trabeculate; endostome segments nearly as long as the teeth; leaves larger (ca. 2.5–4.0 mm × 1.8 mm)............................... 3. F. hygrometrica
2. Apophyses short; mouth of capsules narrower; exostome teeth not trabeculate; endostome segments only 1/2 the length of the teeth; leaves smaller (ca. 2 mm × 0.7 mm).......................................... 5. F. microstoma
3. Setae ca. 3.5 cm long; annuli well developed...............1. F. attenuata
3. Setae less than 2.5 cm long; annuli none...................................4
4. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowed to a setaceous awn; setae 0.5–0.7 cm long.................... 2. F. discelioides
4. Leaves oblong-obovate to obovate, acute to acuminate at apex; setae longer than 0.8 cm............................ 5
5. Capsule mouth narrower, apophyses indistinct; costa ending below leaf apex; upper leaf margins plane, dentate; setae 2.0–2.3 cm long..............................................................4. F. japonica
5. Capsule mouth wider, apophyses distinct; costa percurrent; upper leaf margins incurved, entire; setae 0.8–1.5 cm long...........6. F. muhlenbergii
 
 
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