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Published In: Calcutta Journal of Natural History and Miscellany of the Arts and Sciences in India 2: 491. 1842. (Calcutta J. Nat. Hist.) Name publication detailView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
 

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Discussion: In its typical expression B. arcuata is found on wet banks or rocks in the forest or along streams. It is marked by triangular-lanceolate leaves that have smooth (rarely lightly papillose) leaf cells, margins recurved to near the apex, and leaf apices with 1–2 marginal teeth. This expression (B. subulifolia Sull. of Bartram,1949) has well-spaced leaves that are erect-incurved, somewhat contorted when dry, and the field aspect of Ceratodon purpureus or Dichodontium pellucidum. It differs from the former in having longer, narrower leaves and the later in having smooth leaf cells and narrower leaf apices. In very wet habitats B. arcuata assumes a form (B. stillicidiorum Card. of Bartram, 1949) that has ligulate leaves, weakly recurved leaf margins, and serrulate leaf apices. The extreme of this expression is found in aquatic habitats, often on limestone tufa, and closely approaches B. bolleana (C. Müll.) Broth. (previously known as B. ehrenbergii (Lor.) Fleisch., see Frahm et al. 1996). This form has broad, lingulate or ligulate leaves with usually entire, rounded-obtuse apices, and mostly plane leaf margins. Steere (1938, 1939) was the first to call attention to the similarity of this extreme form and B. bolleana. Barbula bolleana differs from it in having irregularly shaped upper leaf cells that are often 12–15 μm wide (6–10 μm in B. arcuata), and enlarged, bulging, thin-walled basal leaf cells (short and firm-walled in B. arcuata). The illustrations of B. bolleana and B. arcuata in Sharp et al. (1994) are especially good at showing their basal leaf cell differences.
Illustrations: Bartram (1949, Fig. 54 E–K); Gangulee (1972, Fig. 346); Saito (1975, Fig 47 19–32); Zander (1981a, Pl. 3 1–7); Norris and Koponen (1989, Fig. 11 a–e); Sharp et al. (1994, Fig. 218). Figure 8.
Habitat: On rocks (limestone and sandstone), tufa, concrete, or bricks in or along streams, springs, lakes, waterfalls, or irrigation ditches, on wet banks along streams and in oak and pine forests, rarely on weathered wood; 20-1950 m.
Distribution in Central America: BELIZE. Belize: Allen 19081 (MO); Cayo: Allen 18479 (BRH, MO); Toledo: Allen 19059 (BRH, MO). GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz: Steyermark 46317 (F, FH, NY); Baja Verapaz: Sharp 2817 (FH, MO); Chimaltenango: Standley 80874 (F, FH, NY); Chiquimula: Steyermark 30661 (F, FH); Huehuetenango: Sharp 5246 (F); Izabal: Steyermark 38628 (F, FH); Jalapa: Steyermark 32915 (F, FH, NY); Quiché: Sharp s.n. (US); Retalhuleu: Steyermark 34569 (F, FH); Sololá: Standley 62769 (F, FH); Zacapa: Steyermark 42103 (F, FH, MO). HONDURAS. Comayagua: Standley & Chacón 5693 (F, FH); El Paraíso: Standley et al. 1221 (F); Francisco Morazán: Standley 12336 (F); Olancho: Allen 12895 (MO, TEFH). COSTA RICA. Cartago: Griffin & Eakin 019959 (MO, NY, US); Heredia: Nee 14343 (MO); Limón: Gutierrez s.n. (US); Puntarenas: Bowers 629g (MO); San José: Alfaro 27 (US).
World Range: Mexico; Central America; West Indies, Western and Northern South America, Brazil; Middle Asia, China, Eastern Asia; Indian Subcontinent, Indo-China, Malesia; Southwestern Pacific.

 

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Barbula arcuata Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 2: 491. 1842.

Hydrogonium arcuata (Griff.) Wijk & Marg., Taxon 7: 289. 1958. Protologue: India. Legimus specimina 2–3 fructifera in arenosis “Bogapanee”, [Griffith]

Barbula subulifolia Sull., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 5: 277. 1861. Tortula subulifolia (Sull.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: 161. 1869. Protologue: Cuba. Wet rocks along mountain rivulets, [Wright] 32.

Barbula suberythropoda C. Müll., Bull. Herb. Boissier 5: 194. 1897. Protologue: Guatemala. Guatemala, Alta Vera Paz, Pansamalá, in rupibus humentibus, Dec. 1887 cum frutibus supramaturis: Hans v. Türckheim (NY).

Barbula stillicidiorum Card., Rev. Bryol. 37: 126. 1910. Protologue: Mexico. Etat de Vera Cruz: Xico, rochers suintants, en compagnie de Tortula mniifolia (Barnes et Land, 1906). 

Plants small to medium-sized, dull, dark-green to yellow-green above, brown below, in tufts, 15–46 mm high. Stems red, erect, not or sparsely branched, hyalodermis absent or weakly present, central strand well-developed;, rhizoids sparse. Axillary hairs five cells long, all cells hyaline. Leaves 1.2–2.0 mm long, triangular-lanceolate, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, ligulate, or lingulate, erect-incurved, twisted and catenulate or erect when dry, erect-spreading when wet; apices acute, broadly acute to obtuse, at times apiculate; lamina unistratose; margins entire throughout, entire below, serrulate above or with 1–3 teeth at apex, variously recurved to near the apex or plane; costa excurrent, percurrent or ending below the apex, guide cells and two stereid bands well-developed, ventral and dorsal surface layer enlarged; upper cells in regular rows, short-rectangular, quadrate or oblate, 4–16 x 5–10 μm, firm-walled, smooth, basal cells short to long-rectangular, firm-walled, smooth, 10–28 x 6–7 μm, alar cells not differentiated. Dense clusters of fusiform, stalked, multicellular propagula occasionally present in leaf axils.  Dioicous. Perichaetia and perigonia terminal. Setae 1 per perichaetia, smooth, 10–15 mm long, red. Capsules cylindrical, erect, 1.2–2 mm long, smooth; exothecial cells short-rectangular, thin-walled; stomata in neck; opercula erect, long-rostrate, 1.5 mm long; annuli well-developed; peristome red-orange, well-developed, basal membrane high, teeth spirally twisted, 0.9–1.2 mm long. Spores 8–12 μm, smooth or lightly papillose. Calyptrae smooth, 1.5–2.5 mm long.

 

 

 
 
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