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(Last Modified On 10/25/2012)
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(Last Modified On 10/25/2012)
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Genus
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ANTHURIUM Schott
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PlaceOfPublication
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Wien. Zeitschr. Kunst 3:828. 1829.
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Description
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Plants almost always epiphytic, rarely terrestrial and then perhaps only by accident, the caudex short or sometimes elongate and subscandent, the internodes short or elongate; petioles short or elongate, short-vaginate at the base, always geniculate near the apex; blades usually coriaceous or thick-coriaceous, rarely thin, very variable in form, simple or rarely digitately compound; peduncles commonly elongate, the spathe generally persistent, often colored, narrow, spread- ing from the base of the spadix, often decurrent at the base; spadix sessile or stipitate, cylindric, conoid, or caudiform, densely many-flowered, usually green or violaceous green, more or less elongate in fruit, flowering from the base upward; flowers perfect, perigoniate; sepals 4, often as broad as long, fornicate above and subtruncate, connivent, somewhat accrescent in fruit; stamens 4, the filaments subcompressed, slightly narrowed into the connective, equaling the sepals, the anthers short, the cells ovate or oblong-ovate, opening by a longitudinal slit; ovary ovoid, oblong, or obovoid, truncate at the apex or attenuate to the style, 2-celled; ovules 2 or 1 in each cell; style none or short, the stigma small, discoid, suborbicular or oblong, subbilobate; berries succulent and juicy at maturity, variously colored, 2-celled, the cells usually 1-seeded; seeds oblong, plane or con- vex, somewhat attenuate to the apex.
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Distribution
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The largest genus of the family, with 500 or more species, all American. They are most numerous in the Andes of northern South America, but 70 or more have been recorded for Central America. The group is a well-marked one, and most of the Central American species can be referred at a glance to it, especially because of the narrow, spreading spathe, and the uniform spadices with only perfect flowers. Many of them are handsome plants, and some are cultivated for ornament locally or even in North America and Europe. The genus as represented in Panama is a somewhat difficult one, chiefly on account of the large number of species and the quite inadequate material by which they are represented in herbaria. The following treatment is by no means satis- factory, but it is probably the best that can be prepared with the collections now at hand for study. Some of the species recognized are probably not valid, and there are perhaps others represented by imperfect specimens examined.
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Key
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a. Leaves pedately parted or deeply trilobate. b. Leaves merely deeply trilobate - -3. A. GARAGARANUM bb. Leaves pedately parted. Large, epiphytic vines. c. Leaf segments entire - ----1. A. AEMULUM cc. Leaf segments lobate or undulate - - - 2. A. HOLTONIANUM aa. Leaves entire, but often cordate or hastate at the base and with basal or posterior lobes. b. Leaf blades deeply cordate or hastate at the base, with large and well-developed posterior lobes, much the broadest at or near the base. c. Blades conspicuously triangular in outline, the lateral margins shallowly or deeply constricted above the basal lobes. d. Spadix borne on a stipe 5-15 mm. long -4. A. OCHRANTHUM dd. Spadix sessile or nearly so. e. Leaves coriaceous, the nerves stout and very conspicuous - 5. A. DENUDATUM ee. Leaves membranaceous (when dried), the nerves slender and not markedly conspicuous - 6. A. TRIANGULUM cc. Blades ovate or rounded-ovate, the lateral margins convex, no- where constricted. d. Basal sinus of the blade shallow, much broader than long; blades very thin, the lateral nerves united to form a slender but very distinct collective nerve close to the margin. e. Spadix about 9 cm. long; blades almost 30 cm. long -7. A. WILLIAMSII ee. Spadix about 3.5 cm. long; blades 18 cm. long or less - 8. A. DAVIDSONIAE dd. Basal sinus of the blade deep, much longer than broad. e. Spathe large, commonly 16 cm. long, the spadix of about equal length - ---- 9. A. CONCINNATUM ee. Spathe smaller, 12 cm. or less. f. Costa of the leaf emitting 5 or fewer lateral nerves on each side above the basal nerves; peduncles shorter than the petioles - --10. A. HOFFMANNII ff. Costa of the leaf emitting 7 or more lateral nerves on each side above the basal nerves; peduncles about equaling the petioles- 11. A. BAILEYI bb. Leaf blades attenuate to rounded at the base, rarely subcordate or emarginate, but then without well-developed basal lobes and not conspicuously broadened near the base. c. Leaves not 3-nerved, the primary lateral nerves extending almost or quite to the margin, or at least not united to form a definite collective nerve. d. Leaves long-petiolate, the blades truncate or shallowly and openly cordate at the base - - 12. A. COLONICUM dd. Leaves short-petiolate, the blades gradually narrowed to the cuneate or attenuate base. e. Uppermost portion of the petiole, above the node, not carinate dorsally. f. Upper node of the petiole about as broad as long -13. A. TETRAGONUM ff. Upper node of the petiole conspicuously longer than broad. g. Spathe 10-25 cm. long or more - 14. A. SCHLECHTENDALII gg. Spathe 6-7 cm. long --- 15. A. FATOENSE ee. Uppermost portion of the petiole, above the node, conspic- uously 1- to 5-carinate dorsally. f. Blades chiefly 10-15 cm. wide - ---- 16. A. AGNATUM ff. Blades commonly 25-30 cm. wide or larger. g. Upper node of the petiole 3-carinate - - 17. A. CRASSINERVIUM gg. Upper node of the petiole 5-carinate - -- 18. A. MAXIMUM cc. Leaves evidently 3-nerved, the primary lateral nerves united to form a definite collective nerve close to the margin of the blade. d. Plants normally with well-developed, long caudices having elongate internodes. e. Leaf blades acute at the base, coriaceous, 16 cm. long or less. f. Spadix slender-stipitate; petioles more than half as long as the blades - 19. A. PITTIERI ff. Spadix sessile; petioles mostly less than half as long as the blades. g. Peduncles 2-3 times as long as the petioles -20. A. TRINERVE gg. Peduncles equaling or slightly exceeding the petioles - 21. A. SCANDENS ee. Leaf blades very obtuse, rounded or even subcordate or emarginate at the base. f. Blades with 2 of the lower lateral nerves much more con- spicuous than the others and extending to the apex; spadix conspicuously attenuate upward - -- --22. A. MYOSUROIDES ff. Blades with all the primary lateral nerves subequal, none of them extending to the apex; spadix very obtuse, not attenuate upward. g. Leaf blades subcordate at the base -23. A. GRACILENS gg. Leaf blades rounded at the base. h. Spadix almost sessile -24. A. MICROSPADIX (410) 1944] FLORA OF PANAMA (Araceae) 7 hh. Spadix conspicuously stipitate- 25. A. PALLENS dd. Plants acaulescent or nearly so, the caudex very short, never with elongate internodes. e. Leaf blades truncate or even subcordate at the base - 26. A. TALAMANCAE ee. Leaf blades long-attenuate to obtuse at the base. f. Blades conspicuously broadest above the middle, oblanceo- late to obovate, long-attenuate to the base. g. Leaves thin and almost membranaceous when dried, nar- rowly long-attenuate at the apex, 6.5 cm. wide or less, the very slender submarginal nerve irregular and more or less crenate. h. Leaf blades less than 5 cm. wide; petiole geniculate near the apex __ - _ 27. A. SCOLOPENDRINUM hh. Leaf blades more than 5 cm. wide; petiole geniculate 1 cm. below the apex - -- 28. A. MICHELII gg. Leaves coriaceous when dried, short-acuminate or ab- ruptly cuspidate-apiculate, 9-20 cm. wide or more, the stout marginal nerve even. h. Node of the petiole 5 mm. thick; blades about 9 cm. wide; spadix in anthcsis scarcely 4 mm. thick - 29. A. RAMONENSE hh. Node of the petiole 1 cm. thick or more; blades mostly about 20 cm. wide; spadix in anthesis 1 cm. thick or more -30. A. HACUMENSE ff. Blades broadest at or below the middle, not very long- attenuate to the base. g. Leaves linear or essentially so, less than 3.5 cm. wide, thick-coriaceous - -- - 31. A. GRACILFE gg. Leaves usually conspicuously broader than linear, if almost linear, then not thick-coriaceous, generally much more than 3.5 cm. wide. h. Blades oblong to elliptic-oblong or narrowly elliptic, usually less than 4 times as long as wide, mostly 5-13 cm. wide. i. Petioles much less than half as long as the blades; leaves coriaceous when dried - -- 32. A. LITTORALE ii. Petioles about half as long as the blades; leaves relatively thin when dried and scarcely coriaceous- 33. A. ACUTANGULUM hh. Blades narrowly oblong or linear-oblong, most of them 5 times as long as wide or longer, mostly 3.5-8 cm. wide, but sometimes somewhat wider. i. Primary lateral nerves of the leaves stout and salient, much more conspicuous than the secondary ones - 34. A. JOSEANUM ii. Primary lateral nerves very slender, scarcely if at all stouter or more prominent than the secondary ones. j. Petioles less than half as long as the blades- 3 5. A. I URRIALBENSE jj. Petioles almost equaling the blades. k. Leaf blades not punctate - -- 36. A. CHIRIQUENSE kk. Leaf blades conspicuously punctate on both surfaces ----- - 37. A. ALLENII
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