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(Last Modified On 5/8/2013)
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(Last Modified On 5/8/2013)
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Genus
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Ardisia Sw.
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PlaceOfPublication
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Nov. Gen. Sp. P1. 3: 48. 1788, nom. cons.
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Description
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Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, petiolate or rarely sessile, entire, dentate, or serrate. Inflorescences varied in form, the racemes, umbels, corymbs, and This content downloaded from 192.104.39.2 on Tue, 7 May 2013 17:30:52 PMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions314 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN [VOL. 58 glomerules paniculate. Flowers pedicellate or subsessile, bisexual, (4-) 5- merous, small, white, pink, or lilac, dextrorsely or rarely sinistrorsely imbricate or contorted, often quincuncial; sepals short-connate or nearly free; petals connate basally or sometimes almost to the middle, recurved or spreading, rarely erect; stamens free, inserted at or slightly above the base of the corolla, the filaments usually elongate, rarely short, the anthers dorsifixed, mostly elongate and subsagittate, concolorous or glandular-punctate, dehiscent by apical or subapical pores and longitudinal slits; ovary ovoid or subglobose, the ovules few to numerous, usually pluriseriate, the style long and slender, often exserted, the stigma minute, punctiform. Fruit globose or subglobose, bearing the persistent style base apically, 1-seeded, the endocarp crustaceous or osseous; seed globose.
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Habit
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Shrubs or trees
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Distribution
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Species numerous, mostly in tropical America and Asia. In the Western Hemisphere the genus is most abundantly represented in Panama and Costa Rica. Fifty species are reported from Panama. Additional taxa are represented by specimens which are inadequate for either interpretation or description.
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Key
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a. Inflorescences terminal, or sometimes both axillary and terminal (axillary and long- pedunculate in 24. A. pleurobo'trya); flowers not clustered in a single corymb at the end of the peduncle; native species. b. Flowers aggregated in glomerules (racemose in fruit in 13. A. darienensis), the glomerules in paniculate racemes or spikes -KEY B bb.Flowers not aggregated in glomerules. c. Inflorescences open paniculate racemes or spikes -KEY A cc. Inflorescences paniculate umbels, corymbs, or corymbiform racemes- KEY C aa. Infloresoences axillary; flowers clustered in a single corymb at the end of the peduncle; naturalized and cultivated Asiatic species -50. A. solanacea KEY A Infloresoences terminal, usually glabrous, rarely puberulent or finely lepidote; the lateral and secondary branches elongated with the flowers regularly spaced; flowers in open paniculate racemes or spikes. a. Bracts small, thin, caducous, not enveloping the mature flower buds. b. Branchlets glabrous; racemes bipinnately-paniculate; sepals mostly ovate-oblong, maculate, the black glands dispersed; pedicels 4-6 (-10) mm long - 1. A. revoluta bb.Branchlets finely lepidote; racemes tripinnately-paniculate; sepals broadly ovate, densely black-punctate with the glands fused medially; pedicels 10-13 mm long ---------------- 2. A. nigrita aa. Bracts large, cucullate, persistent in bud, completely enveloping the mature flower buds. c. Leaves usually widest above the middle, mostly obovate, 17-32 cm long, to 9.5 cm wide; bracts thick. d. Inflorescences to 30 cm long; flowers sessile, the sepals 6 mm long. 3. A. perinsignis dd. Inflorescences to 15 cm long; flowers subracemose, the pedicels 1-4 mm long, the sepals 3-4.5 mm long- 4. A. allenii cc. Leaves widest at the middle, oblongish, 9-16 cm long, to 5 cm wide; bracts thin -----------------------------------------5. A. granatensis KEY BInflorescences terminal, conspicuously furfuraceous or lepidote; the lateral and secondary branches of the inflorescences thick, either elongated or spur-like; the flowers aggregated in glomerules (racemose in fruit in A. darienensis); the glomerules in paniculate racemes or spikes. 2See Lundell (Wrightia 4: 181-182. 1971) for descriptions of two additional species of this group from Panama: A. horquetensis Lundell and A. rufa Lundell. a. Bracts large, cucullate, persistent in bud, completely enveloping the mature buds; leaves strongly veined, subamplexicaul basally- ---- 6. A. nervosissima aa. Bracts small, thin, ovate, not enveloping the buds; leaves decurrent basally, not am- plexicaul. b. Inflorescences 4- or 5-pinnately paniculate, pyramidal, large, with many small flow- ers, to 60 cm wide at the base and equally long, the branches zigzag - 7. A. palmana bb.Inflorescences 2- or 3-pinnately paniculate. c. Sepals symmetrical; leaves large, to 130 cm long -8. A. nmwgistophylla cc. Sepals asymmetrical, oblique; leaves not over 40 cm long, usually much shorter. d. Leaves to 13 cm long and 4 cm wide. e. Leaves elliptic or ovate-elliptic; pedicels ca. 1 mm long; inflorescences tripinnately paniculate - - _ 9. A. tysonii ee. Leaves narrowly elliptic-oblong; pedicels 3-5 mm long; inflorescences bipinnately planiculate - -- -- 10. A. dwyeri dd.Leaves 15-40 cm long and 5.5-13.5 cm wide. f. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, the veins slender and obscure; secondary branches of the inflorescences spur-like, thicker than long -------- 11. A. crassipes ff. Leaves chartaceous, the veins slender but conspicuous on the lower sur- face; secondary branches of the inflorescenoes elongated. g. Indument of scales and coarse dendroid trichomes - 12. A. glomerata gg. Indument of scales only. h. Secondary branches of the inflorescences flexuous, elongated, to 15 cm long; flowers glomerate in interrupted racemes; racemose in fruit, the pedicels thick, 3-6 mm long -13. A. darienensis hh. Secondary branches of the inflorescences spur-like; flowers glom- erate, subsessile - --14. A. hagenii KEY C Inflorescences terminal, or sometimes both axillary and terminal (axillary and long pedunculate in A. pleurobotrya), glabrous, glandular-puberulent, or lepidote; flowers in paniculate umbels, corymbs or corymbiform racemes. a. Leaf buds glabrous or minutely puberulent; panicles glabrous or puberulent, sometimes glandular-puberulent and villous. b. Leaves pectinate-dentate with close, spreading, subulate teeth; panicles glandular- puberulent and villous -15. A. pellucida bb. Leaves -entire, crenulate, or obscurely crenulate, the teeth never subulate; panicles glabrous, rarely with a few glands on the pedicels. c. Flowers in slender elongated corymbiform racemes --- 16. A. lewisii cc. Flowers in umbels or corymbs. d. Sepals 4-8 mm long. e. Sepals 4-5 mm long. f. Leaves subcoriaceous, lucid, entire; pedicels to 2 cm long --------17. A. subcoriacea ff. Leaves membranaceous, conspicuously crenulate (in the type); pedi- eels 6-10 mm long - -18. A. wagneri ee. Sepals 5-8 mm long. g. Leaves to 8 cm long and 2-4 mm wide -- 19. A. picturata gg. Leaves 12-25 cm long and 3.5-7.5 cm wide - 20. A. opegrapha dd. Sepals 1.8-2.25 mm long. h. Flowers 4-5-merous; petals 5 mm long, glabrous within basally - - - 21. A romeroi hh. Flowers 5-merous; petals 7-8 mm long, glandular-papillose within basally. i. Leaf blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1.8-4.3 cm wide ----22. A. bartlettii ii. Leaf blades elliptic, 3.5-7 cm wide -23. A. lilacina aa. Leaf buds lepidote or furfuraceous; panicles lepidote or furfuraceous, often glabrate. b. Inflorescences axillary, long pedunculate--- 24. A. pleurobotrya bb. Inflorescences terminal, or sometimes terminal and with axillary inflorescences below. c. Anthers 5-7 mm long, nearly sessile. d. Anthers connivent basally, to 7 mm long; sepals ovate, rounded and obliquely emarginate apically -25. A. pittieri dd. Anthers free, 5 mm long (in bud); sepals narrowly lanceolate, sharply acuminate -26. A. stenophylla cc. Anthers 1-4 mm long, usually with distinct slender filaments. e. Flowers 4(-5)-merous in the same inflorescence; inflorescences usually with axillary panicles below the terminal; anthers slender, linear. f. Ovules (5-)8-12(-14); sepals 1.2-1.4 mm long -27. A. guianensis ff. Ovules 20-23; sepals 1-1.3 mm long -28. A. alstonji ee. Flowers all 5-merous. g. Inflorescences filiform, with small petiolate bracts subtending the lower lateral branches; anthers ovate-cordate, 1 mm long; leaves thin, lance- olate, to 10 cm long, caudate - 29. A. tennis gg. Inflorescences not filiform anthers more than 1 mm long; leaves not caudate. h. Inflorescences with a sharply zigzag rachis, and lateral and secondary branches (also see 7. A. palmana and 34. A. nigropunctata). i. Punctate with large black conspicuous glands; bracts subtending the lateral branches of the inflorescences petiolate, small; leaves to 7 cm long; anthers lanceolate, 1.5 mm long, caudate ------------ 30. A . panamensis ii. Punctate with inconspicuous glands; bracts subtending the lateral branches of the inflorescences petiolate, large, sometimes sub- equaling the leaves; leaves to 15 cm long; anthers oblongish, 2.5- 3 mm long, acute. -31. A. glanduloso-marginata hh. Inflorescences not sharply zigzag. j. Anthers conspicuously black-punctate dorsally - 32. A. pulverulenta jj. Anthers concolorous, the dorsal glands, if present, inconspicuous. k. Leaves mostly 20-40 cm long. 1. Leaves rounded basally, sessile or nearly so; inflorescences narrowly paniculate, the lateral branches short and spur- like; the peduncle of the inflorescence to 13 cm long ... 33. A. wedelii 11. Leaves acute basally, petiolate. m. Leaves thin; sepals broadly ovate, 1.6-2 mm long; pedicels 3-5 mm long -34. A. nigropunctata mm. Leaves firmer; sepals ovate, 1-1.3 mm long; pedicels 1.5-2 mm long - -- 35. A. dukei kk. Leaves usually less than 15 cm long, mostly much smaller (rarely to 20 cm long in 41. A. antonensis, 49. A. copeyana, and 48. A. fendleri). n. Sepals minute, ca. 0.75 mm long and 0.6 mm wide; pedi- cels 2-3 mm long (see also 40. A. furfuracella). o. Inflorescences to 20 cm long and wide; petals ca. 4 mm long; anthers to 2 mm long; style 3.5 mm long ..... 36. A. scheryi oo. Inflorescences less than 10 cm long; petals ca. 5.5 mm long; anthers 2.3-2.8 mm long; style 5 mm long ..... 37. A . microcalyx nn. Sepals at least 1 mm long and wide, usually much larger; pedicels usually much longer. p. Flowers 7-8 mm long; leaves coriaceous; pedicels rigid, to 10 mm long. q. Leaves obtuse or rounded, 4-6(-10) cm long and 1.5-3.5 cm wide, the petioles 2-6 mm long- .....38. A. maxonfi qq. Leaves acuminate, 7.5-13 cm long and 3.5-5 cm wide, subsessile -39. A. subsessilifolia pp.Flowers 4-6 mm long. r. Anthers ovate, ca. 1.5 mm long; pedicels 1.5-3 mm long - 40. A. furfuracella rr. Anthers not ovate, not less than 2 mm long, usually much larger; pedicels 3-10 mm long. s. Sepals 1-1.3 mm long. t. Leaves long-acuminate, 13-22 cm long and 4.5-6.8 cm wide, with thick petioles, cori- aceous .....-41. A. antonensis tt. Leaves often subacuminate and obtusish, less than 12 cm long and 5 cm wide, with slen- der petioles. u. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, often rhom- boid, 3.5-6.5 cm long and 2-3.2 cm wide, obtuse apically - 42. A. rigidifolia uu. Leaves not rigidly coriaceous, more than 3.5 cm long and 2 cm wide v. Pedicels slender, 5-10 mm long; in- florescences less than 5 cm long, the branches slender - 43. A. geniculata vv. Pedicels 3-5.5 mm long; inflores- cences to 10 cm long. w. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceo- late, 4.5-10 cm long and 1.3-3.5 cm wide .....- 44. A. opaca ww. Leaves obovate or obovate-el- liptic, 6-13 cm long and 3.5-5 cm wide, with numerous (15-19 pairs) slender primary veins and intermediaries. x. Corolla not persistent after anthesis; filaments ca. 2 mm long; anthers 2.8-3 mm long; style 5.5 mm long _..... 45. A. whitei xx. Corolla persistent, reflexed; filaments to 2.5 m long; an- thers 2-2.4 mm long; style 4 mm long _ 46. A. reflexiflora ss. Sepals 1.5-2.5 mm long. y. Leaves obovate or obovate-elliptic, 3-6 (-9.5) cm long and 2-5 cm wide; petals densely orange-punctate with round glands ....._ -47. A. obovalifolia yy. Leaves mostly oblong-elliptic, 6.5-20 cm long and 4-9.5 cm wide; petals not densely orange-punctate with round glands. z. Leaves subchartaceous; pedicels slender, 5-7 mm long; petals lineate-punctate me- dially, smooth when dry .....- 48. A. fendleri zz. Leaves coriaceous; pedicels 3-4 mm long; petals inconspicuously orange-punctate, rugose when dry .....-49. A. copeyana
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