1.
|
+
|
Inflorescence axillary (or axillary and terminal both on the same plant).
|
2
|
|
–
|
Inflorescence terminal (only) or pseudo-solitary.
|
21
|
2.
|
+
|
Upper leaves or bracts alternate.
|
3
|
|
–
|
All leaves or bracts opposite.
|
10
|
3.
|
+
|
Perennial, rhizomatous, procumbent or decumbent, creeping caespitose herbs.
|
18. V. serpyllifolia
|
|
–
|
Annual, non-rhizomatous, erect herbs.
|
4
|
4.
|
+
|
Upper leaves pinnatifid, lobes 3-7.
|
5. V. verna
|
|
–
|
Upper leaves not as above.
|
5
|
5.
|
+
|
Leaves entire or so, reddish below the inflorescence, petiole sometimes turning red.
|
2. V. rubrifolia
|
|
–
|
Leaves and petiole not as above.
|
6
|
6.
|
+
|
Calyx 4-lobed, lower 2 lobes longer than upper; leaves broadly ovate in 3 to 6 pairs; stem densely villous.
|
4. V. arvensis
|
|
–
|
Calyx 4-lobed, all lobes equal; leaves or stem not as above.
|
7
|
7.
|
+
|
Calyx lobes lanceolate, apex acuminate.
|
8. V. campylopoda
|
|
–
|
Calyx lobes not as above.
|
8
|
8.
|
+
|
Stem densely pubescent; leaf margins serrate; styles 0.8-1.5 mm long.
|
7. V. arguteserrata
|
|
–
|
Stem glabrous or sparsely pubescent; leaf margins dentate to entire; styles 0.3-0.8 mm long.
|
9
|
9.
|
+
|
Bracts leaf-like, oblong, pedicel curved upward in fruit; capsule apex parted; seed ellipsoid smooth.
|
1. V. pusilla
|
|
–
|
Bracts not leaf-like, lanceolate; pedicel patent; capsule apex notched; seeds oblong, reticulate rugose.
|
6. V.biloba
|
10.
|
+
|
Racemes secund.
|
11
|
|
–
|
Racemes never secund.
|
12
|
11.
|
+
|
Racemes 10-20 cm long; capsule 3-4.5 x 2-3.5 mm oval-ovoid, glabrous; styles 3-4 mm long; leaves glabrous, apex obtuse.
|
22. V. oxycarpa
|
|
–
|
Racemes 1-4 cm long; capsule 3.5 x 3.5 mm, broadly ovate to sub-orbicular, glandular hairy; style c. 2 mm long, leaves glandular hairy, apex acute.
|
23. V. michauxii
|
12.
|
+
|
Plants aquatic or in wet soil; capsules 2-3.5 mm long.
|
13
|
|
–
|
Plants terrestrial or in dry soils; capsules 4-7 mm long.
|
16
|
13.
|
+
|
Stem decumbent to somewhat ascending; leaves petiolate; capsules wider than long.
|
20. V. beccabunga
|
|
–
|
Stem erect; leaves sessile; capsules as long or longer than wide.
|
14
|
14.
|
+
|
Calyx lobes appressed to capsule, densely glandular hairy outside; ellipsoid, notched at apex; stem solid.
|
24. V. anagalloides
|
|
–
|
Calyx lobes loosely appressed to capsule glabrous or sparsely glandular hairy outside; capsule orbicular, obtuse at apex; stem fistular.
|
15
|
15.
|
+
|
Pedicel curved at an acute angle with inflorescence axis, racemes ⋜ 1.0 cm wide, usually glabrous.
|
21. V. anagallis-aquatica
|
|
–
|
Pedicel erect at right angle with inflorescence axis, racemes 1-1.5 cm wide, sparingly glandular pubescent.
|
25. V. undulata
|
16.
|
+
|
Plants 1-5 cm tall, bifariously hairy herbs. Leaves elliptic, narrowed at the base. Raceme 1-2-flowered.
|
30. V. ciliata subsp. cephaloides
|
|
–
|
Plants 5-100 cm tall, not bifariously hairy herbs (except in V. koelzii). Leaves not as above. Racemes several-many flowered.
|
17
|
17.
|
+
|
Capsule wider than long.
|
18
|
|
–
|
Capsule longer than broad.
|
20
|
18.
|
+
|
Capsule 2.0-2.5 x 3-3.5 mm, glandular hairy, style 1-2 mm, exserted. Corolla whitish pink.
|
3. V. macropoda
|
|
–
|
Capsule 4-5 x 4-10 mm, style 2-4 mm. Corolla white to bluish or purple to blue.
|
19
|
19.
|
+
|
Capsule 4-6 x 4-6 mm, obcordate, lobes rounded, style 3-4 mm long. Corolla purple blue, style 3-4 mm long. Raceme 1-2.5 cm long. Pedicels not villous.
|
16. V. laxa
|
|
–
|
Capsule 5x8-10 mm long, broadly deltoid, lobes acute. Style 2-3 mm long. Corolla white to bluish. Raceme 3-7 cm long. Pedicel villous.
|
27. V. cana
|
20.
|
+
|
Posterior sepal ⅕ in length of the others or lacking. Capsules 6-7 mm long. Leaves 1.5-5 x 0.7-1.5 cm.
|
28. V. hirta
|
|
–
|
Posterior sepal ⅓-⅔ in length of the others or lacking. Capsules 4-5 mm long. Leaves 1-1.5 x 0.4-0.8 cm.
|
29. V. koelzii
|
21.
|
+
|
Flowers pseudo-solitary with foliose bracts.
|
22
|
|
–
|
Flowers in terminal racemes.
|
24
|
22.
|
+
|
Flowers white; petiole 10-15 mm long; pedicel 2-4 mm long, villous; seeds 2-4 per capsule; styles < 1 mm long.
|
15. V. stewartii
|
|
–
|
Flowers blue, bluish-purple; petiole 1-8 mm long; pedicel 3-40 mm long, not villous; seeds 12-24 per capsule; style 1-3 mm long.
|
23
|
23.
|
+
|
Pedicel 15-40 mm long, sparsely hairy; upper leaves alternate, lower leaves opposite, blackish on drying; calyx lobe, ¾ connate; style 2-3 mm long.
|
14. V. persica
|
|
–
|
Pedicel 3-15 mm long, densely hairy; all leaves opposite, not blackish on drying; calyx lobes basally connate; styles 1-1.6 mm long.
|
13. V. polita
|
24.
|
+
|
Leaves in whorl of fours at the base of inflorescence, occasionally cauline leaves opposite.
|
25
|
|
–
|
All leaves opposite.
|
26
|
25.
|
+
|
Capsule glabrous, 1.5-2 x 2.5-3.3 mm, obcordate, lobes obtuse. Seeds 8-12 per capsule.
|
12. V. tenuissima
|
|
–
|
Capsule glandular, hairy, 3-4.5 x 4.5-5.5 mm, broadly obcordate, lobes ovate-orbicular. Seeds 6-8 per capsule.
|
11. V. cardiocarpa
|
26.
|
+
|
Inflorescence capitate; style 0.5-1 mm long.
|
19. V. alpina
subsp. pumila
|
|
–
|
Inflorescence not as above, style 2-7 mm.
|
27
|
27.
|
+
|
Capsule wider than long; calyx lobe ovate.
|
18. V. serpyllifolia
|
|
–
|
Capsule longer than wide; calyx lobe not as above.
|
28
|
28.
|
+
|
Stamens inserted; leaves 1.5-3.5 mm long.
|
17. V. lanosa
|
|
–
|
Stamens exserted; leaves 0.5-1.5 mm long.
|
29
|
29.
|
+
|
Corolla 5-lobed, upper lobes distinct; capsule glabrous.
|
26. V. cachemerica
|
|
–
|
Corolla 4-lobed, the upper two petals almost joined; capsule hairy.
|
31. V. macrostemon
|