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Published In: Species Plantarum 2: 933. 1753. (1 May 1753) (Sp. Pl.) Name publication detailView in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
 

Project Name Data (Last Modified On 6/2/2011)
Acceptance : Accepted
Project Data     (Last Modified On 6/3/2011)
Contributor Text: M. QAISER & SAOOD OMER
General/Distribution: A cosmopolitan genus of c. 400 species, represented in Pakistan by 17 taxa including one cultivated species; distributed mostly in the Northern and alpine areas of Pakistan, few are confined to the lower hills and plains.
Comment/Acknowledgements: Excluded species

Viola oblonga Blatter in J. Ind. Bot. 9:200. 1930.

This taxon has been described from Razmak (Blatter 2332) and known only from type gathering. It is said to differ from Viola canina by the very long stipules, which are not fimbriate, serrate, sepals ovate-lanceolate, subacute with short appendages and petals much longer than the spur. We have not seen any authentic specimen of this taxon.

Viola suavis Beib., Fl. Taur. - Cauc. 3:164. 1819.

Viola pontica W. Becker, Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 36(2): 18. 1918.

This taxon is said to be near Viola odorata L. and Viola sepincola Jord. According to E.E. Todd (in J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 55: 223. 1930) it is found in Kashmir but we have not seen any authentic specimen of this species, but the records may be based upon misidentifications of Viola odorata.


 

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Annual to perennial herbs; rhizome present or absent; stern mostly present. Leaves ovate-triangular or reniform, cordate, serrate, crenate, stalked, sometimes winged. Stipules lanceolate-ovate, entire, dentate or fimbriate. Flowers zygomorphic, peduncle bracteolate, bracteoles 2, oppoiste or subopposite. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, lateral larger than others, forming a spur. Anthers connate, encircling the ovary, filaments short, broad and distinct, the two lateral end up in the corolla spur. Ovary sessile; style mostly curved at base, thickened or attenuate above; stigma lobed, straight or beaked. Fruit a 3-valved capsule, dehiscing loculicidally. Seeds rounded-ovate, smooth, shiny.
 

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1.Leaves, stipules and fruits covered with reddish brown or dark brown glands
2.Stipules 1.5-2 cm broad, foliaceous, dentate
Viola falconeri
2.Stipules up to 5 mm broad, not foliaceous, fimbriate
3.Leaves, petiole, peduncle and capsule subglabrous. Flowers up to 1.5 cm
Viola rupestris
3.Leaves, petiole, peduncle and capsule glabrous. Flowers up to 2 cm
Viola reichenbachiana
1.Leaves, stipules and fruits not covered with glands
4.Stipules adnate to the petiole
5.Flowers yellow. Rhizome well-developed
Viola turkestanica
5.Flowers violet, blue, purple or mixtures of these, but never yellow. Rhizome absent or poorly developed
6.Stipules dentate. Petals 5-6 x 2-3 mm. Spur 1-1.5 mm long. Stigma beak pointing downward
Viola kunawurensis
6.Stipules fimbriate. Petals 8-15 x 2.5-6.0 mm. Spur (2-) 3-7 mm long. Stigma unbeaked or beak pointing forward
7.Leaves and petioles completely glabrous. Sepals ± obtuse
Viola macroceras
7.Leaves atleast pubescent on the lower side. Sepals acute to acuminate
Viola kashmiriana
4.Stipules free, not adnate to the petiole
8.Spur 1-2 mm long. Leaves spathulate
9.Leaves, stem & capsule glabrous. Stigma not beaked
Viola stocksii
9.Leaves, capsule, stern & calyx pubescent. Stigma beaked
10.Plants ashy grey; perennial. Stipules acuminate; sepals acute
Viola cinerea
10.Plants green; annual. Stipules acute; sepals aristate
Viola makranica
8.Spur 4-8 mm long. Leaves ovate-cordate or reniform (rarely spathulate in Viola tricolor)
11.Stipules foliaceous. Flowers usually multicoloured
Viola tricolor
11.Stipules not foliaceous. Flowers usually of one colour
12.Plants provided with stoloniferous stem, rooting at nodes
13.Stigma club shaped. Ovary hairy
Viola canescens
13.Stigma beaked. Ovary glabrous
14.Leaves acuminate. Sepals lanceolate, acute, ciliate-dentate
Viola pilosa
14.Leaves obtuse. Sepals ovate, obtuse, entire
Viola odorata
12.Plants not provided with stoloniferous stem
15.Stigma 3-lobed; stem absent; leaves truncate
Viola betonicifolia
15.Stigma 2-lobed or beaked. Stern present; leaves cordate
16.Stipules ovate or oblong, entire. Flowers yellow. Lateral petals not bearded
Viola biflora
16.Stipules lanceolate, ± fimbriate. Flowers purplish blue-violet but never yellow. Literal petals bearded
Viola fedtschenkoana
 
 
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