Cardamine diphylla (Michaux) A. Wood, Amer. Bot. & Fl. 37. 1870; Dentaria diphylla Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 30. 1803. TYPE:

Dentaria bifolia Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 3: 443. 1812. TYPE:

Dentaria incisa Small, Fl. SE U.S. 480. 1903, not D. incisa Eames, Rhodora 5: 216. 1903. TYPE:

Herbs, perennial, glabrous or rarely sparsely pubescent. Rhizomes fleshy, cylindrical, 2–10 mm in diam., unsegmented, not fragile, with dentate leaf scars, somewhat uniform in diam.; stolons absent. Stems (1.2–)1.5–3.5(–4) dm, erect, simple, glabrous or rarely sparsely pubescent distally. Rhizomal leaves 3-foliolate, (5.5–)8–22(–26) cm; petiole (3–)4.5–16(–20) cm; terminal leaflet ovate-elliptic to broadly ovate, (2–)3.5–8(–10) × (0.5–)2–6.5(–8) cm, with a petiolule 0.5–1.2 cm, base cuneate to obtuse, margin coarsely crenate or dentate, puberulent with trichomes to 0.1 mm; lateral leaflets often similar to terminal one in shape, size and margin, base often oblique, subsessile or petiolulate; cauline leaves 2(or 3), opposite or nearly so, 3-foliolate, resembling rhizomal leaves; petiole (1–)2–4.5 cm, base not auriculate; terminal leaflet broadly elliptic to ovate, (2–)4–8(–10) × 1–5 cm, coarsely dentate or crenate, minutely puberulent along margin, subsessile or with petiolule 2–10 mm; lateral leaflets similar to terminal one. Racemes ebracteate; fruiting pedicels ascending to divaricate, (1–)1.5–3(–3.6) cm. Sepals oblong, (4–)5–8 × 2–3 mm, erect, base of lateral pair slightly saccate; petals white or pink to purple, obovate to oblanceolate, (7–)9–15(–17) × (3–)4–7 mm, short clawed, apex rounded; median filament pairs 5–8 mm, lateral pair 3.5–6 mm; anthers linear to oblong, 2.5–3 mm. Fruit linear-lanceolate, 1.5–4 cm × 1.5–2.5 mm; valves glabrous; style 4–8(–10) mm; ovules and seeds 10–14 per fruit. Seeds rarely produced, brown, oblong, 2–2.2 × 1.2–1.5 mm; cotyledons incumbent. 2n = 96.

Flowering: Apr–Jun.

Habitat: wooded bottoms and ravines, cliffs, bluffs, leges, shaded slopes, meadows, moist fields, alluvial banks, rich woods.

Elevation: 50–1300 m.

Distribution: Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec), United States (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virgina, Wisconsin).