1. | 1. Leaves all simple, sometimes deeply lobed |
| |
2. | 2. Stems erect or ascending |
| |
3. | 3. Leaf margins entire; at least the uppermost leaves perfoliate, the lower ones sessile ... 8. BUPLEURUM |
| Bupleurum |
4. | 3. Leaf margins toothed or lobed, sometimes with spiny or threadlike teeth; leaves sessile or petiolate, usually sheathing the stem but not perfoliate |
| |
5. | 4. Leaf margins with threadlike or spiny teeth or lobes; flowers sessile, in dense cylindrical or globose heads, each flower subtended by a small bractlet ... 18. ERYNGIUM |
| Eryngium |
6. | 4. Leaf margins toothed and/or lobed but not spiny; flowers some or all noticeably stalked, in compound umbels (the umbellets sometimes appearing nearly headlike), the individual flowers without bractlets |
| |
7. | 5. Umbellets with all staminate flowers or with a mixture of perfect and staminate flowers; ovaries and fruits densely pubescent with hooked bristles, the fruits with mericarps lacking ribs ... 34. SANICULA |
| Sanicula |
8. | 5. Umbellets with all or nearly all perfect flowers; ovaries and fruits glabrous, the fruits with mericarps noticeably ribbed |
| |
9. | 6. Flowers all with stalks 1–5 mm long; mericarps with the ribs noticeably winged ... 38. THASPIUM |
| Thaspium |
10. | 6. Central flower of each umbellet sessile or with the stalk less than 0.5 mm long, the other flowers with stalks 1–4 mm long; mericarps with the ribs angled and often somewhat corky, but lacking wings ... 41. ZIZIA |
| Zizia |
11. | 2. Stems prostrate, rooting at the nodes |
| |
12. | 7. Leaves mostly opposite or whorled at the nodes of the creeping stem, the blades lanceolate to ovate, narrowed, rounded, or truncate at the base; inflorescences subtended by 2–5 linear bracts ... 18. ERYNGIUM |
| Eryngium |
13. | 7. Leaves mostly solitary at the nodes of the creeping stem, the blades circular to very broadly ovate or broadly kidney-shaped, peltate or deeply cordate at the base; inflorescences without bracts ... 22. HYDROCOTYLE |
| Hydrocotyle |
14. | 1. At least some of the leaves 1 or more times compound |
| |
15. | 8. Ovaries and fruits variously pubescent with short to long hairs or bristles, the hairs or bristles sometimes hooked |
| |
16. | 9. Leaf blades at most pinnately, ternately, or palmately 1 time compound, the leaflets often variously lobed |
| |
17. | 10. Fruits inconspicuously and sometimes sparsely pubescent with short hairs lacking hooked or barbed tips; stems 60–200(–300) cm long, stout and coarsely ridged; leaves with the sheathing bases, at least those of the median and upper leaves, moderately to strongly inflated ... 21. HERACLEUM |
| Heracleum |
18. | 10. Fruits conspicuously pubescent with hairs or bristles having hooked or barbed tips; stems 15–100 cm long, relatively slender (except rarely in Torilis) and finely ridged; leaves with the sheathing bases not or only slightly inflated |
| |
19. | 11. Leaf blades palmately compound with 3 or 5(7) leaflets, these elliptic-lanceolate to obovate in outline, sometimes irregularly few-lobed; fruits with the hairs or bristles having hooked tips ... 34. SANICULA |
| Sanicula |
20. | 11. Leaf blades pinnately compound, the leaflets lanceolate to oblong-ovate, usually deeply pinnately lobed; fruits with the hairs or bristles having minutely barbed tips ... 39. TORILIS |
| Torilis |
21. | 9. Leaf blades 2 or more times compound or dissected |
| |
22. | 12. Fruits conspicuously pubescent with hairs or bristles having hooked or barbed tips (the hairs usually also apparent [but shorter] on ovaries at flowering time) |
| |
23. | 13. Leaves glabrous, the blades finely pinnately 2–4 times dissected into narrowly linear, often threadlike ultimate segments; stems glabrous ... 36. SPERMOLEPIS |
| Spermolepis |
24. | 13. Leaves sparsely to moderately hairy, the blades 1 or 2 times pinnately compound, the leaflets lanceolate to oblong-ovate or ovate, usually deeply pinnately lobed, the lobes linear to elliptic-lanceolate, not threadlike; stems usually hairy |
| |
25. | 14. Fruits with secondary ribs between the primary ones, these winged and with a row of flattened bristles having minutely barbed or hooked tips, the primary ribs wingless and finely pubescent with straight hairs; involucre with the bracts leaflike, pinnately 1 or 2 times dissected with linear segments, rarely entire ... 16. DAUCUS |
| Daucus |
26. | 14. Fruits ribless or with slender nervelike ribs, these wingless, the surface covered with hairs or bristles having barbed or hooked tips; involucre absent or with the bracts inconspicuous, entire, narrowly triangular to more commonly linear, often hairlike |
| |
27. | 15. Fruits tapered to a short beak at the tip, covered with short, stout hairs having hooked tips; sheathing bases of at least the uppermost leaves hairy along the margins ... 5. ANTHRISCUS |
| Anthriscus |
28. | 15. Fruits narrowed to a blunt, beakless tip, covered with long bristles having minutely barbed tips; sheathing bases of the leaves all glabrous along the margins ... 39. TORILIS |
| Torilis |
29. | 12. Fruits pubescent with short hairs lacking hooked or barbed tips |
| |
30. | 16. Leaf blades 2 or 3 times compound with distinct leaflets, these all or mostly 10 mm or more wide (except sometimes on the uppermost leaves) |
| |
31. | 17. Fruits 4–6 mm long, oblong-elliptic to broadly ovate-elliptic in outline, shallowly cordate at the base, flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs with broad, papery wings; inflorescences with 18 to numerous rays ... 4. ANGELICA |
| Angelica |
32. | 17. Fruits 10–24 mm long, linear to narrowly oblong-oblanceolate in outline, long-tapered at the base, flattened laterally, the ribs narrow, angled, lacking wings; inflorescences with 3–6(–8) rays ... 28. OSMORHIZA |
| Osmorhiza |
33. | 16. Leaf blades 2–4 times compound and/or dissected, the leaflets or ultimate segments 0.5–4.0 mm wide |
| |
34. | 18. Leaves all basal; petals yellow ... 26. LOMATIUM |
| Lomatium |
35. | 18. Leaves alternate along the stems and sometimes also basal; petals white, pink, or purple, sometimes drying yellow |
| |
36. | 19. Fruits 4–10 mm long, linear to narrowly oblong-elliptic in outline, with 5 narrow to broad, low, blunt ribs, these lacking wings or bristles, the entire mericarp usually finely and uniformly hairy; involucre absent ... 10. CHAEROPHYLLUM |
| Chaerophyllum |
37. | 19. Fruits 3–5 mm long, oblong-elliptic to oblong-ovate in outline, with secondary ribs between the primary ones, these winged and with a row of flattened bristles, the primary ribs wingless and finely pubescent; involucre of 4–15 leaflike bracts ... 16. DAUCUS |
| Daucus |
38. | 8. Ovaries and fruits glabrous, sometimes minutely roughened with minute teeth or tubercles |
| |
39. | 20. Leaves at most once palmately, ternately, or pinnately compound, the leaflets usually discrete but sometimes lobed or relatively narrow |
| |
40. | 21. Leaflets with the margins entire |
| |
41. | 22. Fruits 4–7 mm long, strongly flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs with broad, spreading wings; leaves with the rachis and leaflets lacking cross-veins or partitions; leaflets (2–)5–45 mm wide, glaucous on the undersurface; plants perennial, with clusters of tuberous-thickened roots ... 29. OXYPOLIS |
| Oxypolis |
42. | 22. Fruits 2–4 mm long, slightly flattened laterally, the ribs lacking wings, but the lateral ribs with small, corky extensions over the commissures; leaves with the rachis or leaflets having irregular fine cross-veins or partitions; leaflets 1–6 mm wide, not glaucous; plants annual, with fibrous roots |
| |
43. | 23. Leaf blades (except those of simple leaves) palmately compound, the 3–5 leaflets all attached at the tip of the petiole; fruits with a short but noticeable beak ... 15. CYNOSCIADIUM |
| Cynosciadium |
44. | 23. Leaf blades (except those of simple leaves) pinnately compound, the 3–11 leaflets attached along a rachis; fruits lacking a beak ... 25. LIMNOSCIADIUM |
| Limnosciadium |
45. | 21. Leaflets lobed or with the margins toothed |
| |
46. | 24. Leaves with the sheathing bases, at least those of the median and upper leaves, moderately to strongly inflated; stems noticeably pubescent, the hairs easily visible to the naked eye; fruits 7–12 mm long ... 21. HERACLEUM |
| Heracleum |
47. | 24. Leaves with the sheathing bases not or only slightly inflated; stems glabrous or inconspicuously short-hairy, the hairs visible only with magnification; fruits 1.5–7.0(–8.0) mm long |
| |
48. | 25. Leaves with no more than 3 leaflets (these sometimes lobed) |
| |
49. | 26. Petals white; fruits narrowly oblong or narrowly oblong-elliptic in outline |
| |
50. | 27. Leaflets or ultimate segments oblong-lanceolate to elliptic or obovate, the margins sharply and often irregularly toothed (often doubly toothed), the teeth lacking spiny tips; fruits 4–8 mm long, narrowly oblong-elliptic in outline; involucre absent or of 1 spreading to ascending bract ... 14. CRYPTOTAENIA |
| Cryptotaenia |
51. | 27. Leaflets or ultimate segments linear to narrowly oblong, the margins finely and regularly toothed, the teeth with minute, thickened, spiny tips; fruits 2–5 mm long, narrowly oblong in outline; involucre of 3–12 spreading to loosely reflexed bracts ... 19. FALCARIA |
| Falcaria |
52. | 26. Petals yellow or dark purple; fruits 2–4 mm long, ovate to oblong-ovate in outline |
| |
53. | 28. Flowers all with stalks 1 mm or longer; fruits with the ribs winged ... 38. THASPIUM |
| Thaspium |
54. | 28. Central flower of each umbellet sessile or with a stalk less than 0.5 mm long (the other flowers with stalks 1–4 mm long); fruits with the ribs lacking wings ... 41. ZIZIA |
| Zizia |
55. | 25. At least some of the leaves with 5–21 leaflets |
| |
56. | 29. Petals yellow; involucel and involucre both absent; leaflets or ultimate divisions rounded or narrowed to a blunt point at the tip ... 30. PASTINACA |
| Pastinaca |
57. | 29. Petals white; involucel present; involucre present (except in Apium); leaflets or ultimate divisions narrowed or tapered to a sharp point at the tip (rounded in Apium) |
| |
58. | 30. Involucel absent; leaflets or ultimate divisions obovate or narrowly to broadly wedge-shaped, rounded at the tip ... 6. APIUM |
| Apium |
59. | 30. Involucel present; leaflets or ultimate divisions linear to narrowly oblong-lanceolate or ovate to broadly triangular, sharply pointed at the tip |
| |
60. | 31. Leaflets with relatively few teeth (less than 8 teeth per side) distributed mostly above the middle ... 29. OXYPOLIS |
| Oxypolis |
61. | 31. Leaflets with numerous teeth distributed more or less equally along the margins |
| |
62. | 32. Fruits with narrow, inconspicuous ribs lacking wings; stems spreading, at least toward the base; leaf blades (at least those of the upper leaves) irregularly divided and toothed ... 7. BERULA |
| Berula |
63. | 32. Fruits with conspicuous ribs having short, thick, corky wings; stems erect or ascending; leaf blades (except those of submerged leaves) not divided, finely and regularly toothed ... 35. SIUM |
| Sium |
64. | 20. At least some of the leaves 2 or more times compound or dissected, the leaflets discrete or sometimes not discernable |
| |
65. | 33. Leaves all basal or near the stem base |
| |
66. | 34. Petals white; fruits with the ribs wingless or narrowly and inconspicuously winged; involucre of 1 leaflike, dissected bract; rays 1–4 ... 17. ERIGENIA |
| Erigenia |
67. | 34. Petals yellow; fruits with the lateral ribs broadly winged; involucre absent or rarely of 1–3 narrowly triangular, entire bracts; rays 10 to numerous ... 26. LOMATIUM |
| Lomatium |
68. | 33. Leaves alternate along the stems and sometimes also basal |
| |
69. | 35. Leaves dissected, not divided into well-differentiated leaflets, the ultimate segments linear to narrowly elliptic (sometimes threadlike); fruits with the ribs lacking wings |
| |
70. | 36. Involucre of 2–15 bracts, these sometimes relatively inconspicuous |
| |
71. | 37. Rays 2–4; fruits 8–10 mm long, linear to narrowly oblong in outline ... 40. TREPOCARPUS |
| Trepocarpus |
72. | 37. Rays 4–25; fruits 1–5 mm long, oblong-elliptic to broadly ovate to nearly circular in outline |
| |
73. | 38. Plants of aquatic habitats, with only the submerged leaves dissected 2 or more times, those of emergent stems 1 time pinnately compound (the leaflets often lobed); stems spreading with ascending apical portions and branches, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes ... 7. BERULA |
| Berula |
74. | 38. Plants in wet to dry habitats, but the leaves all similar in division pattern (the uppermost leaves generally smaller than those lower on the plant), all dissected 2 or more times; stems erect or ascending, not rooting at the lower nodes |
| |
75. | 39. Involucel of 8–14 bractlets; plants perennial, with clusters of mostly 2 or 3 tuberous-thickened roots ... 31. PERIDERIDIA |
| Perideridia |
76. | 39. Involucel of 1–5(–7) bractlets; plants annual or biennial, with fibrous roots or a somewhat tuberous-thickened taproot |
| |
77. | 40. Leaf blades with the ultimate divisions linear to narrowly elliptic, but not threadlike; sepals absent; fruits oblong-elliptic in outline; plants biennial, with somewhat tuberous-thickened taproots ... 9. CARUM |
| Carum |
78. | 40. Leaf blades with the ultimate divisions very fine and threadlike; sepals minute, narrowly to broadly triangular scales; fruits broadly ovate to nearly circular in outline; plants annual, with finely fibrous roots ... 33. PTILIMNIUM |
| Ptilimnium |
79. | 36. Involucre absent or at most of 1 bract |
| |
80. | 41. Involucel absent; petals yellow |
| |
81. | 42. Fruits 4–6 mm long, flattened dorsally, at least the lateral ribs narrowly but noticeably winged; petioles with the sheathing portion up to 3 cm long ... 3. ANETHUM |
| Anethum |
82. | 42. Fruits 3.5–4.0 mm long, slightly flattened laterally, the ribs more or less angled but not winged; petioles of the larger leaves with the sheathing portion 3–10 cm long ... 20. FOENICULUM |
| Foeniculum |
83. | 41. Involucel of 1–14 bractlets, these sometimes inconspicuous; petals white |
| |
84. | 43. Involucel of 8–14 inconspicuous bractlets; plants perennial, with clusters of mostly 2 or 3 tuberous-thickened roots ... 31. PERIDERIDIA |
| Perideridia |
85. | 43. Involucel of 1–6 bractlets, these conspicuous or inconspicuous; plants annual, with relatively slender taproots |
| |
86. | 44. Sepals minute triangular teeth (visible under magnification), those of the outermost flowers of each umbellet usually somewhat enlarged, ovate (note that the sepals persist on the fruits); petals of the outermost flowers of each umbellet enlarged and spreading; fruits at maturity with the mericarps not or tardily separating ... 13. CORIANDRUM |
| Coriandrum |
87. | 44. Sepals absent; outer flowers of the umbellets without enlarged sepals or petals, the petals all incurved or erect; fruits at maturity with the mericarps separating readily |
| |
88. | 45. Fruits 4–10 mm long, linear to narrowly oblong-elliptic in outline, not roughened; involucel of 4–6 bractlets, these mostly longer than the flower stalks but often shorter than the fruit stalks, usually fused together at the very base, elliptic-ovate to oblong-obovate ... 10. CHAEROPHYLLUM |
| Chaerophyllum |
89. | 45. Fruits 1.5–3.0 mm long, oblong or ovate in outline, sometimes roughened with minute teeth or tubercles; involucel of 1–3 bractlets, these mostly shorter than the flower stalks, not fused, linear to narrowly lanceolate |
| |
90. | 46. Inflorescences axillary, sessile or minutely stalked; leaf blades with the ultimate divisions linear but not threadlike; fruits 2–3 mm long, oblong in outline, with noticeable, bluntly angled ribs, the surface smooth or sometimes roughened with minute teeth along the ribs, lacking tubercles ... 2. AMMOSELINUM |
| Ammoselinum |
91. | 46. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, short- to more commonly long-stalked; leaf blades with the ultimate divisions narrowly linear, usually threadlike; fruits 1.5–2.0 mm long, ovate in outline, with inconspicuous, narrow, rounded ribs, the surface smooth or sometimes roughened with dense, minute tubercles, lacking teeth along the ribs ... 36. SPERMOLEPIS |
| Spermolepis |
92. | 35. Leaves compound, the ultimate segments mostly broader (variously narrowly elliptic to broadly obovate), at least the larger leaves consisting of more or less well-differentiated leaflets, these entire to deeply lobed; fruits with the ribs winged or lacking wings |
| |
93. | 47. Leaflets all entire, not toothed along the margins (note that occasional leaflets may have 1 or 2 deep lobes, but no teeth) ... 37. TAENIDIA |
| Taenidia |
94. | 47. Some or all of the leaflets incised or toothed along the margins |
| |
95. | 48. Involucre of numerous (more than 20) bracts, these sometimes inconspicuous |
| |
96. | 49. Involucre with the bracts 1 or 2 times pinnately dissected; rays numerous (more than 20); fruits 1.5–2.5 mm long, the ribs shallow and angled, lacking wings; petals white ... 1. AMMI |
| Ammi |
97. | 49. Involucre with the bracts entire; rays 12–20; fruits 4–7 mm long, the lateral and sometimes also the intermediate and dorsal ribs having narrow, corky wings; petals yellow to greenish yellow ... 23. LEVISTICUM |
| Levisticum |
98. | 48. Involucre absent or of 1–12 bracts, these sometimes inconspicuous |
| |
| |
100. | 51. Sepals absent; petals yellow, occasionally tinged with red; fruits 5–7 mm long, flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs with thin, broad wings ... 30. PASTINACA |
| Pastinaca |
101. | 51. Sepals minute triangular scales; petals white; fruits 1.0–4.5 mm long, flattened laterally, the ribs sometimes thick and corky, but lacking wings |
| |
102. | 52. Fruits 1.0–1.5 mm long, the ribs narrow, more or less rounded, not corky; plants with taproots; stems 30–100 cm long, the base not thickened; rays 7–17 ... 6. APIUM |
| Apium |
103. | 52. Fruits 2.0–4.5 mm long, the ribs blunt and somewhat corky; plants with at least some of the main roots tuberous-thickened; stems 50–200 cm long, the base usually somewhat thickened; rays numerous ... 11. CICUTA |
| Cicuta |
104. | 50. Involucel of 2–14 bractlets, these sometimes inconspicuous |
| |
105. | 53. Stems mottled or spotted with purple; involucre with the bracts often fused at the base ... 12. CONIUM |
| Conium |
106. | 53. Stems green, rarely slightly purplish-tinged, lacking purple mottling or spots; involucre with the bracts free |
| |
107. | 54. Leaflets with the main lateral veins ending mostly in the sinuses between the teeth; stems usually somewhat thickened at the base ... 11. CICUTA |
| Cicuta |
108. | 54. Leaflets with the main lateral veins ending mostly at the tips of the teeth or lobes; stems not noticeably thickened at the base |
| |
109. | 55. Leaf blades short-hairy on the upper and/or lower surfaces, sometimes hairy only along the margins or roughened with minute teeth along the main veins |
| |
110. | 56. Rays 1–6(–8); petals white; fruits linear to narrowly oblong-lanceolate or narrowly oblong-oblanceolate in outline, flattened laterally, the ribs lacking wings; sepals absent |
| |
111. | 57.Rays 1–4; fruits 4–10 mm long; plants annual, with slender taproots ... 10. CHAEROPHYLLUM |
| Chaerophyllum |
112. | 57.Rays 3–6(–8); fruits 10–24 mm long; plants perennial, with clusters of somewhat tuberous-thickened roots ... 28. OSMORHIZA |
| Osmorhiza |
113. | 56. Rays 8–20; petals cream-colored to yellow; fruits oblong-elliptic to ovate in outline, flattened dorsally, the lateral and sometimes other ribs winged; sepals present or sometimes very small to absent in Thaspium |
| |
114. | 58.Leaf blades roughened with minute teeth on the undersurface along the veins, otherwise glabrous; fruits 5–11 mm long; plants with somewhat tuberous-thickened taproots ... 32. POLYTAENIA |
| Polytaenia |
115. | 58.Leaf blades short-hairy along the margins and usually also the surfaces, not roughened along the veins; fruits 3–6 mm long; plants with clusters of fibrous roots, lacking taproots ... 38. THASPIUM |
| Thaspium |
116. | 55. Leaf blades glabrous and smooth on the surfaces and margins |
| |
117. | 59. Sepals absent; rays 1–4(–5); fruits linear to narrowly oblong-lanceolate in outline ... 10. CHAEROPHYLLUM |
| Chaerophyllum |
118. | 59. Sepals minute triangular scales; rays (4–)6 to numerous; fruits broadly oblong-elliptic to oblong, ovate or ovate-elliptic in outline (narrowly oblong in Falcaria, with mostly 10–25 rays) |
| |
119. | 60.Stems ascending from spreading bases, rooting at the lower nodes; petioles and also often stems somewhat inflated ... 27. OENANTHE |
| Oenanthe |
120. | 60.Stems erect or ascending, not rooting at the lower nodes; petioles and stems not inflated |
| |
121. | 61.Fruits narrowly oblong in outline; larger leaf blades with the main axis (rachis) usually winged below the attachment points of the leaflets ... 19. FALCARIA |
| Falcaria |
122. | 61.Fruits broadly oblong-elliptic to ovate or ovate-elliptic in outline; leaf blades without winged tissue below the leaflets |
| |
123. | 62. Petals white; fruits 4–7 mm long; plants with expanded fibrous bases and taproots ... 24. LIGUSTICUM |
| Ligusticum |
124. | 62. Petals yellow; fruits 2–4 mm long; plants with clusters of somewhat tuberous-thickened roots ... 41. ZIZIA |
| Zizia |