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(Last Modified On 9/24/2013)
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(Last Modified On 9/24/2013)
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Family
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LEGUMINOSAE
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Contributor
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JOHN D. DWYER
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Description
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Trees, shrubs or herbs, occasionally armed. Leaves often alternate, pari- or imparipinnate, frequently 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate; stipules usually present; stipelles mostly present. Inflorescences usually racemose or paniculate, often axillary. Flowers papilionaceous, rarely actinomorphic; hypanthium more or less
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Habit
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Trees, shrubs or herbs
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Description
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campanulate, the teeth 5, the carinal tooth often the longest; petals 5, disposed as an upper standard or vexillum, 2 wing petals or alae, and 2 keel or carinal petals coherent apically, occasionally united in part with the wing petals and enclosing the androecium and the gynoecium, occasionally rostrate and coiled at the apex; stamens 10, rarely 9 or less, occasionally free, usually monadelphous or diadelphous, the free filaments equal or often alternating long and short, the anthers monomorphic or dimorphic; ovary 1-carpellate, often surrounded by a glandular disc, 1- to several-ovulate, the stigma capitate or lateral, often enlarged, occasionally bearded. Fruits mostly dehiscing along 2 sutures, often pluri-loculate by the development of septa, occasionally indehiscent and samaroid, drupaceous or lomentaceous; seeds 1-several, often arillate, exalbuminous, the radicle of the embryo curved.
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Note
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Of the subfamilies of Leguminosae, the Papilionoideae, whether regarded on a world-wide basis or locally in Panama, contains the greatest number of genera and species and largest representation of plants economically important, as food, drugs, timber or dyes. A few genera of Papilionoideae, e.g. Clitoria, Phaseolus, bear uncinate hairs. These minute, usually hooked trichomes usually require the aid of a lens and are best seen in silhouette by viewing the edges of surfaces. The conspectus of the Papilionoideae presented here has been moded from the traditional concepts of older workers. Recently however, a number of inno- vations have been recommended. For example, Lackey (1977) recommends re- moval of Pachyrhizus from the Phaseoleae-Phaseolinae to the Diocleinae, and R. M. Polhill of Kew in a memorandum preparatory to the volume, Advances in Legume Systematics to be published in 1980 by the Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, recommends acceptance of several tribes not recognized here and of several shifts of genera from one tribe to another, e.g. of Dipteryx from the Dalbergieae to a tribe Dipteryxeae, and of Centrolobium, Lonchocarpus, Piscidia, Muellera from the Dalbergieae to a tribe Tephrosieae, together with Tephrosia, Barbieria and Willardia from the Galegeae; elevation of subtribe Galegeae-Indigoferinae to tribe Indigoferae; removal of Dalea from the Galegeae to a tribe Amorpheae; removal of Sesbania from the Galegeae to a tribe Sesbanieae; separation of Des- modium and Alysicarpus from the Hedysareae (Aeschynomeninae) to a tribe Des- modieae; removal of Abrus from the Vicieae to a monotypic tribe Abreae; removal of Crotalaria from tribe Genisteae to a tribe Crotalarieae, and elevation of sub- tribe Galegeae-Robiniinae to a tribe Robinieae but removing Cracca from this. Polhill does not separate Stizolobium from A1lucuna but separates Cymbosema from Camptosema.
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Reference
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Amshoff, G. J. H. 1939. On South American Papilionaceae. Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 52: 1-71, fig. 1-4. Amshoff, G. J. H. 1939. Papilionaceae in Pulle, Flora of Suriname 2(2): 1-257. Auctores. 1954. Papilionaceae in Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi (Publ. I.N.E.A.C.), Spermatophytes 4. 1953, 5 & 6. Baillon, H. 1870. Legumineuses in Baillon, Hist. P1. 2: 21-384, fig. 15-157. Bentham, G. 1837. Commentationes de leguminosarum generibus. Vienna. 1841. De leguminosarum generibus commentationes. Phyt. Ann. Wiener Mus. Naturgesch. 1 & 2: 63-142. Bentham, G. 1862. Papilionaceae in Martius, Flora Brasiliensis 15(1): 1-216, tab. 1-56. 1859. 217-350, tab. 57-127. Burkart, A. 1943. Las Leguminosas Argentinas Silvestres y Cultivadas. Dalziel, J. M. 1937. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. 'An appendix to the Flora of West Tropical Africa. 227 pp. London. DeCandolle, A. P. 1825. Memoires sur la Famille des Legumineuses. DeCandolle, A. P. 1825. Leguminosae in DC., Prodr. 2: 93-524. 1825. Ducke, A. 1949. Las Leguminosas da Amazonia Brasileira (Notas sobre Flora Neo-tropica-II). Bol. Tecn. Inst. Agron. Notre (Belem) 18: 3:248. Heywood, V. H. & P. W. Ball, eds. 1968. Leguminosae in T. G. Tutin et al., eds., Flora Europaea 2: 80-191. Hutchinson, J. 1967. Genera of Flowering Plants. Vol. 2. 659 pp. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Jacquin, N. A. 1763. Selectarum stirpium Americanarum historia. Vienna. Johnston, I. M. 1949. The botany of San Jose Island. Sargentia 8: 1-306. Lackey, J. A. 1977. A synopsis of Phaseoleae (Leguminosae Papilionoideae).Ph.D. dissertation, Iowa State Univ., unpubl. Macbride, J. F. 1943. Mimoseae in Macbride, Flora of Peru. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3): 4-113. Pellegrin, F. 1949. Les Legumineuses du Gabon. Mem. Inst. Etud. Centrafr. Brazzaville 1: 1-248. pl. 1-8. Perkins, J. 1907. The Leguminosae of Porto Rico. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 133-220. Pittier, H. 1928. Arboles y Arbustos del Orden de Las Leguminosas. III. Papilionaceas. Bol. Min. R.R.E.E. 4-7: 149-229. Rudd, V. E. 1972. Family Leguminosae, subfamily Faboideae, tribe Sophoreae. N. Amer. Fl. 11(7): 1-36. Rydberg, P. A. 1923-1929. Fabaceae, Indigofereae and Galegeae. N. Amer. Fl. 24(3-7): 137-462. Standley, P. C. 1928. Flora of the Panama Canal Zone. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 27: I-X, 1-416, fig. 1-7, pl. 1-66. Standley, P. C. 1933. The Flora of Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Contr. Arnold Arbor. 5: 1-17, pl. 1-21, map. Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946. Leguminosae in Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana Bot. 24(5): 1-367. Taubert, P. 1891-1894. Leguminosae in Engler et Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 111(3): 70-288, fig. 38-136. Taylor, A. S. 1976. Las Leguminosas papilionaceas herbaceas y arbustivas de Panama. Editorial Universitaria (Panama). 139 pp. Thuan, N. van. 1979. Legumineuses-Papilionoidees Phaseolees. in A. Aubreville & J. F. LeRoy, eds. Flore du Camboge du Laos et du Viet-Nam 17: 1-218. Verdcourt, B. 1971. Phaseoleae in E. Miln-Redhead & R. M. Polhill eds. Flora of Tropical East Africa Part 4(2): 503-807.
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Note
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CONSPECTUS OF TRIBES AND SUBTRIBES a. Stamens free; leaves mostly pinnate, leaflets numerous; shrubs or trees ...... Tribe Sophoreae 2. Acosmium 5. Ateleia 21. Dussia 33. Myroxylon 34. Ormosia 40. Sophora aa. Stamens united, at least in part; leaves and habit various. b. Fruit articulating between the seeds ...... Tribe Hedysareae c. Anthers all alike ...... Subtribe Desmodiinae 4. Alysicarpus 18. Desmodium cc. Anthers dimorphic. d. Stamens 10, the filament tube closed ...... Subtribe Stylosanthinae 42. Stylosanthes 49. Zornia dd. Stamens 5 + 5, the filament tube open ...... Subtribe Aeschynomeninae 3. Aeschynomene -11. Chaetocalyx bb. Fruit 2-valved or indehiscent. e. Leaves entire or 3-5 digitate. f. Leaflets denticulate -Tribe Trifolieae 45. Trifolium ff. Leaflets entire -Tribe Genisteae g. Stamens 10 with open filament tube ...... Subtribe Crotalariinae 15. Crotalaria 30. Lupinus gg. Stamens 10 with closed filament tube ...... Subtribe Genistinae 46. Ulex ee. Leaves pinnate. h. Leaf terminating in a bristle ...... Tribe Vicieae 1. Abrus hh. Leaf terminating in a leaflet. i. Pod indehiscent ...... Tribe Dalbergieae Published previously (Geoffroeae) Andira Centrolobium Dalbergia (Oleicarpon) Dipteryx Fissicalyx Lonchocarpus (Paramachaerium) Machaerium Muellera Piscidia Platymiscium Platypodium Pterocarpus ii. Pod mostly dehiscent. j. Ovary surrounded by a disc ...... Tribe Phaseoleae k. Style glabrous (except Clitoria), rarely pubescent below. l. Vexillary stamen partly united with the others. m. Petals about equal. n. Inflorescence rachis nodose ...... Subtribe Diocleinae 9. Canavalia 19. Dioclea 37. Pueraria nn. Inflorescence rachis not nodose ...... Subtribe Glycininae 10. Centrosema 12. Clitoria 13. Cologania 44. Teramnus mm. Either the standard or the keel much larger than the other ...... Subtribe Erythrininae 23. Erythrina 32. Mucuna 41. Stizolobium 11. Vexillary stamen mostly completely free. o. Inflorescence rachis nodose; leaflets eglandular ...... Subtribe Galactiinae 8. Calopogonium 16. Cymbosema 25. Galactia oo. Inflorescence rachis not nodose; leaflets glandular beneath ...... Tribe Cajaninae 7. Cajanus 22. Eriosema 24. Flemingia 38. Rhynchosia kk. Style pubescent along the inner edge or around the stigma ...... Subtribe Phaseolinae 28. Lablab 3 1. Macroptilium 35. Pachyrhizus 36. Phaseolus 47. Vigna jj. Ovary lacking a disc ...... Tribe Galegeae p. Anther connective with gland, bristle or apiculum ...... Subtribe Indigoferinae 27. Indigofera pp. Anther connective unappendaged. q. Ovules mostly 1-2, plants glandular punctate ...... Subtribe Psoraleinae 17. Dalea qq. Ovules mostly numerous; plants not punctate. r. Inflorescence terminal or sometimes opposing a leaf -Subtribe Tephrosiinae 6. Barbieria 43. Tephrosia rr. Inflorescence always axillary ...... Subtribe Robiniinae 14. Cracca 20. Diphysa 26. Gliricidia 29. Lennea 39. Sesbania 48. Willardia Adapted in part from Taubert (1891), Dalla Torre and Harms (1907), and Melchior (1964).
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Key
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1. Leaves all 1-2-foliolate. 2. Trees or shrubs, leaves 1-foliolate. 3. Inflorescences mostly equalling or surpassing the leaves; flowers included in foliaceous bracts ...... 24. Flemingia 3'. Inflorescences much shorter than the leaves; bracts minute, the flowers exserted. 4. Leaves more than 4 cm wide; pods more than 2 cm wide ...... Lonchocarpus 4'. Leaves less than 3 cm wide; pods less than 1 cm wide ...... Dalbergia 2'. Herbs, leaves 1-2-foliolate. 5. Leaves all 2-foliolate ...... 49. Zornia 5'. Leaves 1-foliolate or more. 6. Leaves linear, mostly more than 8 cm long. 7. Stems conspicuously winged by stipules; pod turgid, continuous between the seeds; flowers yellow ...... 15. Crotalaria 7'. Stems unwinged; pod flat, the margins greatly indented between the seed segments (articles) ...... 18. Desmodium 6'. Leaves broader, less than 7 cm long (Indigofera lespedezioides rarely unifoliolate). 8. Flowers pink; pod linear, demarcated between the seeds, less than 3(4) mm wide ....... 4. Alysicarpus 8'. Flowers yellow or blue; pod oblong, not marked between the seeds, more than 4 mm long ....... 15. Crotalaria 1'. Leaves compound, leaflets 3 or more. 9. Plants copiously armed with spines longer than the leaves ........ 46. Ulex 9'. Plants unarmed or with short spines. 10. Leaves digitately 5-7 lobed ...... 30. Lupinus 10'. Leaves 3-foliolate or pinnately 4-many foliolate. 11. Leaves 5-many foliolate. 12. Pod (loment) separating into articles; herbs or vines. 13. Pod indented or crenate along one edge ....... 3. Aeschynomene 13'. Pod nearly straight on both margins. 14. Leaflets 5; vines, branches twining ...... 11. Chaetocalyx 14'. Leaflets 7 or more; herbs, branches stiff ....... 3. Aeschynomene 12'. Pod (loment) not separating into articles; trees, shrubs or vines. 15. Twining vines, mostly slender; leaves odd pinnate. 16. Seeds red and black; leaflets less than 10 mm wide, mostly numerous; leaves terminated by a bristle ...... 1. Abrus. 16'. Seeds brown, not red; leaflets more than 10 mm wide, 5-7; leaves terminated by a leaflet ...... 12. Clitoria 15'. Shrubs, trees or herbs, not twining vines. 17. Pods flat or winged with conspicuous flat non-seminiferous areas; seeds few (1-4); trees or shrubs. 18. Pods elongate, seed(s) confined to one end or side of the pod. 19. Seed(s) at one side of the pod. 20. Pod less than 25 mm long; petal; calyx subtruncate ....... 5. Atelia 20'. Pod more than 30 mm long; petals 5; calyx plainly toothed ...... Pterocarpus 19'. Seed(s) at one end of the pod, the remainder of the pod forming an elongate wing. 21. Seed at the distal end of the pod, winged proximally; flowers whitish. 22. Calyx subtruncate; leaflets short acuminate, pellucid punctate; stamens all free; sap clear ...... 33. Myroxylon 22'. Calyx evidently toothed; leaflets emarginate, not pellucid punctate; stamens united in fascicles; sap red ...... Platypodium 21'. Seed at the proximal end of the pod, winged distally; flowers yellow, blue, pink or purple, at least in part. 23. Seminiferous area covered with spines; flowers yellow; leaflets more than 40 mm wide; wing more than 3 cm wide ...... Centrolobium 23'. Seminiferous area unarmed; flowers blue, pink or purple, at least in part; leaflets less than 40 mm wide; wing more than 3 cm wide ...... (Paramachaerium) Machaerium 18'. Pods elongate to discoid, seed medial in the pod (winged or with flat areas all around). 24. Pod 4-winged; flowers pinkish ...... Piscidia 24'. Pod with a single wing or flat area around the seed. 25. Pods discoid. 26. Pods turning black, coriaceous to woody throughout ...... Dalbergia 26'. Pods remaining green or brown, with a defined papery wing area around the seed. 27. Seed area circular, the wings inconspicuously veined; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits ...... Pterocarpus 27'. Seed area narrow, the wings conspicuously veined; anthers dehiscing by terminal pores ...... Fissicalyx 25'. Pods elongate, oblong or narrowly elliptical. 28. Leaves opposite; flowers yellow ...... Platymiscium 28'. Leaves alternate; flowers variously colored. 29. Leaves with persistent subulate stipels ...... 29. Lennea 29'. Stipels wanting or caducous. 30. Leaflets alternate. 31. Leaflets with appressed puberulence beneath, venation arcuate; stamens included; pod valves reticulate only over the seed ...... Dalbergia 31'. Leaflets with spreading puberulence beneath, venation straight; stamens exserted; pod valves reticulate all over ...... 2. Acosmium 30'. Leaflets opposite. 32. Fruiting pedicels stout, conspicuously expanded, ca. 3 mm wide just below the calyx, more than 7 mm long ...... 26. Gliricidia 32'. Fruiting pedicels slender, scarcely expanded below the calyx, less than 6 mm long. 33. Pods tardily dehiscent, the valves with resin ducts, glabrous; style glabrous except a few minute hairs on the concave surface ...... 48. Willardia 33'. Pods indehiscent, the valves without resin ducts, mostly pubescent; style pubescent below the tip ...... Lonchocarpus 17'. Pod turgid, if compressed or flat then lacking thin areas around the seeds; seeds 1-many; trees, shrubs or herbs. 34. Leaves conspicuously glandular punctate beneath ...... 17. Dalea34'. Leaves eglandular, not punctate. 35. Pod thick, drupaceous, 1-2(4) seeded, ligneous; shrubs or trees. 36. Seeds red, at least in part; stigma lateral on the ovary; stamens free; pod dehiscent ...... 34. Ormosia 36'. Seeds brown or black, not red; stigma terminal on the ovary; stamens at least partly connate; pod mostly indehiscent. 37. Leaflets opposite. 38. Leaves with stiff, persistent subulate stipels ...... (Geoffroea) Andira 38'. Leaves with stipels wanting or caducous ...... Muellera 37'. Leaflets alternate. 39. Leaf rachis winged; pod indehiscent, smooth, apically rounded ...... (Oleiocarpon) Dipteryx39'. Leaf rachis unwinged; pod dehiscent by conspicuous longitudinal ridges, prominently apiculate ...... 21. Dussia35'. Pod narrow, less than 10 mm wide, few-many seeded; trees shrubs or herbs. 40. Pod moniliform, conspicuous constrictions separating the globose seminiferous areas. 41. Pods 5-many seeded, more than 3 cm long; leaflets more than 1.5 cm wide; hairs basifixed ...... 40. Sophora 41'. Pods 3-5 seeded, less than 3 cm long; leaflets less than 1 cm wide; hairs medifixed ...... 27. Indigofera 40'. Pod elongate but not conspicuously constricted between the seeds. 42. Pod inflated and bladdery ...... 20. Diphysa 42'. Pod valves applied, not inflated. 43. Pod margins crenate, trees ...... Dalbergia43'. Pod margins straight, herbs or shrubs. 44. Stipels linear, persistent. 45. Pods narrow, less than 4 mm wide; calyx more than 15 mm long ...... 6. Barbiera 45'. Pods wider, more than 4 mm wide; calyx less than 15 mm long ...... 14. Cracca 44'. Stipels wanting or caducous. 46. Inflorescences lateral or axillary. 47. Hairs medifixed; pods less than 3 cm long ...... 27. Indigofera 47'. Hairs basifixed; pods more than 3 cm long ...... 39. Sesbania 46'. Inflorescence terminal or leaf opposed ...... 43. Tephrosia 11'. Leaves 3-foliolate. 48. Leaflets denticulate, each lateral vein protruding into a short tooth; pod included in the calyx or petals ...... 45. Trifolium 48'. Leaflets entire or lobed, not denticulate; pod exserted. 49. Pod inflated, not compartmented, the seeds often becoming loose and rattling inside ...... 15. Crotalaria 49'. Pod not inflated, often with septa, cellulose or other compartmenting, the seeds not becoming loose together inside. 50. Fruit (loment) either breaking into articles or flat, subdiscoid, 2-articulate. 51. Stipels present; flowers rose, violet or whitish; anthers uniform ...... 18. Desmodium 51'. Stipels wanting; flowers yellow; anthers dimorphic ...... 42. Stylosanthes 50'. Fruit (loment) not breaking into articles, longer than broad, mostly more than 2-seeded. 52. Trees or shrubs more than 30 cm tall. 53. Flowers large, more than 1.5 cm long. 54. Flowers red or orange, calyx with minute teeth or none sometimes splitting to appear lobed; style glabrous; seeds often red ...... 23. Erythrina 54'. Flowers white or yellowish with purple marking, calyx with 5 well defined teeth; style pubescent, seeds dark, not red ...... 12. Clitoria 53'. Flowers smaller, less than 1.5 cm long. 55. Hairs medifixed; leaves eglandular; pod thin, less than 3 mm wide; anthers spurred ...... 27. Indigofera 55'. Hairs basifixed; leaves gland dotted beneath; pod thin, more than 5 mm wide; anthers not spurred. 56. Pod short, less than 3 cm long; seeds 2; leaves subsessile ...... 22. Eriosema 56'. Pod elongate, more than 3 cm long; seeds more than 2; leaves petiolate ...... 7. Cajanus 52'. Vines or herbs, if woody less than 30 cm tall. 57. Leaflets subsessile, stipels obsolete or wanting; hairs medifixed ...... 27. Indigofera 57'. Leaflets petiolulate, stipels developed (sometimes caducous); hairs basifixed. 58. Standard much shorter than the keel; calyces or pods often with stinging hairs. 59. Seeds discoid ...... 32. Mucuna 59'. Seeds rectangular to globose ...... 41. Stizolobium 58'. Standard about as long as the keel or longer; plants lacking stinging hairs. 60. Pod less than 2-3 times as long as wide. 61. Seeds large, more than 12 mm long (except D. virgata) ...... 19. Dioclea 61'. Seeds smaller, less than 12 mm long. 62. Pod large, more than 20 mm wide; flowers elongate, more than 3 cm long ...... 16. Cymbosema 62'. Pod smaller, less than 20 mm wide, flowers less than 2 cm long. 63. Stipules persistent, conspicuous; bracts pinnate. 64. Leaves more than 10 mm wide ...... 36. Phaseolus 64'. Leaves less than 10 mm wide ...... 42. Stylosanthes 63'. Stipules small, caducous; bracts caducous ...... 38. Rhynchosia 60'. Pod many times longer than wide. 65. Standard with a notch or spur on the back near the base ...... 10. Centrosema 65'. Standard lacking notch or spur. 66. Calyx lobes very unequal, the upper 2 fused into a lip or hood, the lowest 3 minute; pods large, more than 2 cm wide and often becoming woody ...... 9. Canavalia 66'. Calyx lobes alike or somewhat unequal through fusion, the lowest teeth about as large or larger than the upper 2; pod smaller, mostly less than 2 cm wide, mostly not woody. 67. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with 5 staminodes. 68. Flowers small, less than 1 cm long; pod linear, narrow, the apex incurved hooked; racemes short, the flowers few, distant ...... 44. Teramnus 68'. Flowers larger, more than 1 cm long; pod oblong, the apex not hooked; racemes long, many flowered ...... 19. Dioclea 67'. Fertile stamens 8-10, the anthers alike. 69. Calycine bracts wanting; stipels wanting; pod less than 2 cm long; seeds 2; flowers yellow ...... 38. Rhynchosia 69'. Calycine bracts present (sometime's caducous); stipels present; pod more than 2 cm long; seeds mostly more than 2; flowers red, pink, purple, blue, mostly not yellow. 70. Style pubescent. 71. Calyx tubular, more than 5 mm long; upper bracts connate; ovary stipitate ...... 12. Clitoria 71'. Calyx campanulate, less than 5 mm long; bracts free; ovary subsessile. 72. Pod with style persistent 8-10 mm long; hilum ?3-1/2 as long as the seed perimeter, covered with a prominent, white, spongy cushion; seeds 3-6, 9-12 mm long; style flattened ...... 28. Lablab 72'. Pod without persistent style; hilum less than 1/3 as long as the seed perimeter, cushion wanting or inconspicuous; seeds 3-27, 3-25 mm long; style terete. 73. Pod compressed with transverse constrictions outside; hilum uncovered, the hilar groove visible; style pubescence continuous from top to bottom ...... 35. P achyrhizus 73'. Pod without transverse constrictions; hilum usually covered with white cushion remnants; pubescence of style discrete from that of the ovary. 74. Fruiting pedicels 4-31 mm long; bracts and bracteoles persisting into flowering stage; seeds 3-10, lens heart shaped; style coiled through 2 revolutions; pubescence including uncinate hairs ...... 36. Phaseolus 74'. Fruiting pedicels 1-17 mm long; bracts and bracteoles caducous before flowering; seeds 6-27, the lens inconspicuous; style various, if coiled then through 3-5 revolutions; uncinate hairs 2 wanting. 75. Wings much larger than the other petals; the keel fold transverse; upper calyx teeth free; inflorescence nodes not swollen ...... 31. Macroptilium 75'. Wings about equalling the other petals, keel fold lateral or wanting; upper calyx teeth usually partly connate; inflorescence nodes conspicuously glandular swollen ...... 47. Vigna 70'. Style glabrous. 76. Inflorescence conspicuously nodose. 77. Seed with the hilum small, circular; calyx lobes 5; leaves rhombic. 78. Pods drying black; involucral bracts lanceolate, persistent through flowering ...... 37. Pueraria 78'. Pods drying green or brown; involucral bracts linear, caducous ...... 8. Calopogonium 77'. Seed with the hilum linear, short or encircling the seed; calyx lobes 4-5; leaves elliptical or ovate. 79. Seeds large, more than 8 mm long; pod septate, woody; flowers large ...... 19. Dioclea 79'. Seeds smaller, less than 6 mm long; pod with cellulose material around the seeds; flowers tiny, less than 1 cm long ...... 25. Galactia 76'. Inflorescences not nodose. 80. Calyx tubular, more than 5 mm long; style more than 1.5 mm long; anthers 10, uniform; corolla more than 1 cm long; bracts deciduous ...... 13. Cologania 80'. Calyx campanulate, less than 5 mm long; style very short; anthers 5 alternating with 5 staminodes; corolla less than 8 mm long; bracts mostly persistent ...... 44. Teramnus
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