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Published In: Synopsis Plantarum in Flora Gallica Descriptarum 255. 1806. (30 Jun 1806) (Syn. Pl. Fl. Gall.) Name publication detail
 

Project Name Data (Last Modified On 5/12/2022)
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Annual to perennial, acaulescent or scapose to caulescent, occasionally vines or stoloniferous or spinescent, herbs or small to large shrubs, most with lactiferous canals and milky latex in underground and aerial parts. Leaves in a basal rosette only or alternate above and in basal rosette, sessile to amplexicaul or sometimes decurrent, entire to dentate or pinnatisect, variously shaped, occasionally grass-like and parallel-veined or peltate or spinescent. Capitula homogamous, (1-) 3-7 to numerous-flowered, borne in lax to dense monopodial to partially sympodial spikes, corymbs, umbels or panicles having few to many capitula or rarely solitary at apices of scapes. Involucre mostly cylindrical, usually narrowed upwards, differentiated into outer shorter imbricated and inner longer series of bracts, rarely uniseriate by abortion of outer series. Phyllaries herbaceous, membranous or not on margins, innermost keeled or not, sometimes innermost indurated by hardened midrib and tightly envelope cypselas. Receptacle usually flat, slightly convex or concave, usually areolate or alveolate, with or without paleae. Florets creamish or pale yellow to deep orange-yellow, pale-bluish to blue, purple or white with bluish tinge, bisexual, ligulate rarely tubular (not in our flora area), with basal tubular part and mostly 5-dentate strap-shaped ligules. Stamen filaments smooth, anthers calcarate, basally tailed, with smooth, elongate, obtuse apical appendages. Style slender, with long, filiform branches bearing sweeping hairs down to stylar shaft. Cypselas frequently heteromorphic, much variable in size and shape, cylindrical to obconical or fusiform, flattened or compressed, mostly ribbed to narrowly winged, generally glabrous, pappilose, hairy or scaly, basally shortly stipitate or sometimes with a callose ring or ± funnel-shaped stalk, stipe sometimes very long, apically truncate to rostrate. Pappus either paleaceous or setaceous, scabrid to barbellate or bristle plumose, sometimes cypselas epappose.

Recent phylogenetic studies of the Cichorieae, also known as Lactuceae, have suggested to accommodate the two genera (not occurring in Pakistan) namely Gundelia and Warionia, which have milky latex but otherwise homogamous capitula with tubular flowers.

A large tribe containing more or less 3000 species, in c. 90 genera, distributed mainly in Northern Hemisphere but occurring on all continents, some taxa are introduced and naturalised as noxious weeds in several countries. Represented in Pakistan by 32 genera and 235 species, chiefly in North and Northwestern humid regions and Southwestern dry lands.

Excluded Genera

Cicerbita Wallr., Sched. Crit.: 433. 1822.

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies indicate that this genus does not occur in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India and all the species which were reported belonging to this genus from our flora area are now being  placed in recently resurrected genus Melanoseris or Lactuca (See Wang Z.-H., Peng H., Kilian N. 2013: Molecular phylogeny of the Lactuca alliance (Cichorieae subtribe Lactucinae, Asteraceae) with focus on their Chinese centre of diversity detects potential events of reticulation and chloroplast capture (see  http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082692)

Prenanthes L., Sp. Pl.: 797.1953.

This genus has been evaluated for re-circumscription on the basis of molecular phylogenetic studies based on both nuclear and plastid markers combined with morphological analyses (See Wang Z.-H., Peng H., Kilian N. 2013: Molecular phylogeny of the Lactuca alliance (Cichorieae subtribe Lactucinae, Asteraceae) with focus on their Chinese centre of diversity detects potential events of reticulation and chloroplast capture. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082692). It is now regarded monopeific and distributed mainly in Europe, N. America, China and Indonesia (Sumatra).

Acknowledgements: We are grateful to the Directors and Curators of the following herbaria for herbarium and library facilities: A, B, BM, DMHN, E, K, KUH, M, RAW. Deep gratitude is expressed to Drs. Jan Kirschner and Jan Štepánek (Institute of Botany, Academy of Scienes, Praha, Czech Republic) for technically editing the account of the genus Taraxacum, and providing digital images  of  some of its taxa. Thanks are also due to Prof. Dr. M. Ajmal Khan, Vice-Chancellor, University of Karachi and Prof. Dr. Anjum Perveen, Director, Centre of Plant Conservation for providing working facilities for the completion of this monumental work. It is a matter of pleasure to thank Dr. Shahina Ghazanfar (Kew) for kindly helping us from time to time. We are extremely grateful to Pakistan Academy of Sciences for financing the publication of this volume. 

 

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1.

+

Florets blue, purplish-blue, Lavendar, violet, orange or sometimes white.

2

 

Florets yellow or some shade of yellow.

15

2.

+

Cypselas with pappus of minute, irregularly shaped, obtuse to acute, fimbriate, usually less than 0.5 mm long scales. Florets blue rarely white.       

 

 

 1. Cichorium

 

Cypselas with well-developed pappus of ± stiff bristles or soft setae, longer than 2 mm. Florets of other colours, not blue.

 

 

3

3.

+

Leaves ± parallel-veined, often grass-like in appearance.

4

 

Leaves reticulately-veined, not grass-like in appearance.  

  

 

6

4.

+

Phyllaries in 1(-2)-series, outer phyllaries, if present, never longer than inner ones. Cypselas beaked at apices, basal hollow carpopodium absent. Pappus bristles long, uniseriate.

 

 

 

30.Tragopogon

 

Phyllaries in (2-) more series, outer phyllaries foliaceous or not, longer than inner ones. Cypselas not beaked at apices, basal carpopodium absent or present. Pappus bristles short, 2-3-seriate.

 

 

 

5

5.

+

Cypselas without carpopodium. Leaves undivided.

 

32. Scorzonera

 

Cypsela with conspicuous cylindrical carpopodium. Leaves pinnately dissected or not.

 

31. Podospermum

6.

+

Outer phyllaries foliaceous and mostly longer than inner ones. Pappus bristles in several series, softly lanate to imbriately plumose.

 

 

 

28. Epilasia

 

Outer phyllaries mostly shorter than the inner ones, never foliaceous. Pappus bristles never plumose, all smooth to scabrid.

 

7

7.

+

Leaves, axes, or involucres with various types of hairs including stellate and/or multiseriate hairs with projecting cell apices.

 

8

 

Leaves, axes, or involucres glabrous or hairy but never with stellate or multiseriate hairs with projecting cell apices.

 

9

8.

+

Cypselas 1 – 2 mm long, with ribs apically distinct but not confluent to form an obscure ring.         

 

23. Pilosella

 

Cypselas more than 2 mm long, with 8-10 equal ribs apically confluent to form an obscure ring, rarely free at apices or not confluent to form a ring.

 

 

22. Hieracium

9.

+

Herbs with basal and cauline leaves. Capitula on a branched stem, rarely capitula solitary on unbranched stem or scape.

 

10

 

Herbs with leaves in basal rosette, with several to many capitula on short, thin, unbranched peduncles, directly from and fasciculate amid leaf rosette or capitula sessile to extremely short peduncled and densely aggregated on apically inflated, flat, convex uppermost part of stem.

 

 

 

 

11

10.

+

Cypselas always strongly flattened, with each face or side 5-8-ribbed and beak ± equal to longer than cypsela’s body.

 

19. Lactuca

 

Cypselas oblong or columnar, terete or slightly fattened, beak shorter than the cypsela body.      

 

12

11.

+

Capitula with 3-6 florets, sessile or on peduncles shorter than involucres.

 

18. Melanoseris

 

Capitula with 4-30 or more florets, peduncles shorter or longer than involucres.

 

13

12.

+

Cypselas 4-ribbed, ribs of outer cypselas with tubercles all over. Pappus multiseriate, deciduous on a ring.

 

 

20. Reichardia

 

Cypselas 10-20-ribbed, ribs somewhat equal in shape and size, without tubercles.

 

14

13.

+

Florets 4 or 5 in each capitulum. Capitula borne on an apically inflated, convex or sometimes slender elongate shoot from among leaf rosette.

 

 

13. Soroseris

 

Florets more than 5 (usually above 45) in each capitulum. Capitula borne in corymbose or umbellate synflorescence.

 

8. Dubyaea

14.

+

Plants delicate. Involucre narrowly cylindrical. Inner phyllaries abaxially glabrous. Capitula with up to 15-florets. Cypselas pale-brown and with 10 ribs.

 

 

7. Askellia

 

Plants usually robust. Involucre cylindrical to campanulate. Inner phyllaries abaxially usually with simple and/or glandular hairs along midrib. Capitula mostly with 20 or more florets.Cypselas of some shade of brown, with 10 – 20 ribs.

 

 

 

9. Crepis

15.

+

All pappus setae slender, denticulate or barbellate and inner ones never with long lateral pinnules.

 

24

 

At least some pappus setae thick, rarely with long, lateral pinnules.

16

16.

+

Pappus setae thick, often plumose with many to few stiff pinnules, oriented in all directions, more rarely scabrid-barbellate, sometimes reduced or absent.

 

 

17

 

Pappus setae, at least in basal portion and in central florets plumose, pinnules intertwined, cottony, soft. Pappus, if absent, then cypselas glochidiate and strongly incurved.

 

 

19

17.

+

Pappus of central cypselas reduced to a crown-like structure made of scabrid, up to 1.5 mm long setae.

 

24. Garhadiolus

 

Pappus of central, rather all, cypselas well-formed, made of much longer plumose setae.

 

18

18.

+

Phyllaries uniseriate. Cypselas bent, with a diaphragm and basally swollen beak. Plants without anchor-shaped hairs.

 

29. Urospermum

 

Phyllaries 2-many seriate, outer ones inconspicuous. Cypselas not bent,beak if present not swollen at base.Plants with anchor-shaped hairs.

 

 

25. Picris

19.

+

Cypselas with uncinate hooks or glochids on back and apices, strongly incurved when mature and stellately spreading.

 

26. Koelpinia

 

Cypselas without hooks or glochids, neither incurved nor spreading on maturity.

 

20

20.

+

Cypselas with three, broad distinct wings, columnar to fusiform. (Endemic to Pakistan and Afghanistan).

 

27. Pterachaenia

 

Cypselas without wings.

21

21.

+

Phyllaries uniseriate. Pappus of all cypselas composed of woolly plumose setae.

 

30.Tragopogon

 

Phyllaries 2-many seriate.

22

22.

+

Outer phyllaries leaf-life and mostly longer than inner one. Cypselas densely lanate or pubescent in upper half.

 

 

28. Epilasia

 

Outer phyllaries not leaf-like, and shorter than inner ones. Cypselas completely glabrous or completely hairy.

 

23

23.

+

Cypselas without carpopodium. Leaves undivided.

32. Scorzonera

 

Cypsela with conspicuous cylindrical carpopodium.Leaves pinnately dissected or entire.

 

 

31. Podospermum

24.

+

Pappus setae very thin and flexible.

25

 

Pappus setae neither very thin nor flexible.

 

28

25.

+

Pappus ± homomorphic, rays at most gradually differing in thickness from centre to margin.

 

26

 

Pappus dimorphic with few inner setae and numerous outer downy or rarely cottony hairs.

 

27

26.

+

Peduncles expanded upwards. Marginal cypselas always truncate, glabrous and with thick tubercles or projections.Most cypselas with 4 main ribs, only the very marginal ones with 5 main ribs.

 

 

 

20. Reichardia

 

Peduncles never expanded upwards. Marginal cypselas truncate, cuspidate or rostrate, smooth or transversely wrinkled (but never sculptured as above), glabrous, scabrid or papillose. All or most cypselas with 5 main ribs, otherwise marginal cypselas papillose.

 

 

 

 

17. Launaea

27.

+

All cypselas with 4 main ribs and ±equal in ornamentation, apex, shape or size, at least marginal cypselas wrinkled and or distinctly flattened. Peduncles and involucres often glandular and/or (glabrescent)white tomentose. Outer phyllaries without distinct scarious margins and white apices.

 

 

 

 

21. Sonchus

 

Most cypselas (except innermost) with 5 main ribs,otherwise marginally (densely) papillose; inner(most) cypselas different in ornamentation, apex, shape or size. Peduncles and involucres neither glandulose nor tomentose. Outer phyllaries mostly with distinct (though sometimes thin) scarious margins and or white mucronate apices.

 

 

 

 

 

17. Launaea

28.

+

Cypselas usually flattened and with base constricted into a small, smooth annulus.

 

29

 

Cypselas not flattened except rarely, never constricted at the base to form annulus.

 

32

29.

+

Pappus monomorphic (uniseriate), without outer ring of extremely short setae.

 

30

 

Pappus dimorphic, with outer ring of extremely short setae.

33

30.

+

Cypselas flattened, with broad, thin, wing-like margins, 1-ribbed on each face, beak with two transparent appendages at the base.

 

19. Lactuca

 

Cypselas columnar to flattened and without broad, thin, wing-like margins, beak absent, if present then without appendages.

 

31

31.

+

Middle and upper cauline leaves decurrent. Synflorescence spicate to subracemose. Florets 4 in each capitulum. Cypselas beaked or not.

 

19. Lactuca

 

Middle and upper cauline leaves not decurrent. Synflorescence not as above. Florets (5-) many in each capitulum. Cypselas beaked.

 

32

32.

+

Cypselas more or less cylindrical, at most little narrowed towards truncate apices or with a stout beak, ribs (4-) 5.

 

18. Melanoseris

 

Cypselas compressed, without beak and with 12-18 ribs or with filiform beak and 4-12 unequal ribs.

 

33

33.

+

Plants often with small, soft branched hairs. Pappus setae brittle.

34

 

Plants without small, soft, branched hairs. Pappus setae not-brittle.

 

35

34.

+

Perrenial, stoloniferous, densely hairy herbs. Cypselas 1 – 2 mm long  with ribs apically not confluent in a ring. Pappus uniseriate.

 

23. Pilosella

 

Perennial herbs with a branched rootstock. Cypselas 2.5 – 5 mm long with ribs apically confluent into an obscure ring. Pappus biseriate.

 

 

22. Hieracium

35.

+

All cypselas or at least some muricate with projections, tubercles or scales on upper part below beak. Plants with or without deflexed hairs on the stems or scapes.

 

36

 

Cypselas not muricate on upper part below beak, at most hairy or minutely scabrid on the ribs, beaked or unbeaked. Plants with deflexed hairs on the stems or scapes.

 

 

40

36.

+

Capitula solitary and terminal on leafless, hollow, unbranched or simple scapes. Corolla tubes with tuft of long hairs at the apices.

 

 

15. Taraxacum

 

Capitula solitary or several and borne in a synflorescence, on solid peduncles or scapes. Corolla tubes with short, one-celled hairs at the apices.

 

 

37

37.

+

Cypselas dimorphic.Pappus absent or coroniform or only the inner cypselas with a pappus of short, less than 2 mm long setae.

 

38

 

Cypselas heteromorphic or homomorphic. Pappus present on all cypselas, composed of more than 3 mm long setae.

 

 

39

38.

+

Capitula pyriform globose, small. Inner phyllaries thickened, hardened and connate with outer cypselas in lower part, free and foliaceous in the upper part.

 

 

 

2. Acanthocephalus

 

Capitula not as above. Inner phyllaries neither thickened, nor hardened and not connate with the cypselas, free throughout.

 

 

 

10.Heteracia

39.

+

Plants not broom-like. Cypselas heteromorphic, outer ±beakless and clasped by the innermost phyllaries. Pappus of inner cypselas persistent while those of outer ones deciduous.

 

 

 

 

11. Heteroderis

 

Plants broom-shaped. Cypselas homomorphic, with beak articulated and deciduous along with pappus.

 

 

3. Chondrilla

40.

+

Cypselas ± 20-ribbed, devoid of pappus.

12. Lapsana

 

Cypselas 4-ribbed or 10-20-ribbed. Pappus omprising of long bristles present on all or at least on central cypselas.

 

 

41

41

+

Phyllaries lax, foliaceous, inner ones blackish. Cypselas 4-ribbed.

 

14. Spiroseris

 

Phyllaries imbricated or all more or less of equal length, or in two series with outer much shorter than the inner. Cypselas 10-20-ribbed.

 

 

 

42

42

+

Capitula numerous, aggregated on a upper broadened part of stem into a large synflorescence.

 

 

13. Soroseris

 

Capitula few to many on branches of stem in various sorts of synflorescence.

 

43

43.

+

Cypselas isodiametric and with ribs of more or less similar shape and equal in size. Pappus white, rarely pale or yellowish.

 

 

 

44

 

Cypselas somewhat to distinctly flattened,and/or with more or less equal ribs. Pappus white, yellowish or brownish.

 

 

 

45

44.

 

+

Cypselas with 10, very prominent, ± wing-like ribs.

 

5. Ixeris

 

Cypselas with 10-20, somewhat prominent but never wing-like ribs.

 

46

45.

+

Phyllaries multiseriate, imbricate. Cypselas fusiform.

 

8. Dubyaea

 

Phyllaries biseriate, outer much shorter than the inner.

 

47

46.

+

Plants delicate. Involucre narrowly cylindric. Inner phyllaries abaxially glabrous. Capitula with up to 15 florets. Cypselas pale-brown, with 10 ribs.

 

 

 

7. Askellia

 

Plants usually robust. Involucre cylindrical to campanulate. Inner phyllaries abaxially usually with simple and/or glandular hairs along midrib. Capitula mostly with 20 or more florets. Cypselas of some shade of brown, with 10-20 ribs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

9. Crepis

47.

+

Cypselas with distinct apical beak, more or less distinct in colour and/or texture from more or less flattened bodied cypselas.

 

 

 

50

 

Cypselas without distinct apical beak, at most gradually narrowed in upper part into a short rostrum or if with distinct beak, then columnar or fusiform, not flattened.

 

 

 

 

48

48.

+

Cypselas narrowed towards the apices.

49

 

Cypselas not narrowed towards the apices.

 

4. Crepidiastrum

49.

+

Cypselas more or less compressed, with 12-15 slender, unequal ribs, the lateral often narrowly wing-like. Plants glabrous.

 

 

16. Youngia

 

Cypselas columnar or fusiform, with more or less equal ribs. Plants at least with some indumentums.

 

 

9. Crepis

50.

+

Plants creeping, leaves deeply palmately divided into 3-5 lobes.Cypselas with 10 narrowly wing-like ribs, beak filiform.

 

 

5. Ixeris

 

Plants erect, leaves pinnately divided. Cypselas with 9-12 shortly more or less spinulose ribs, beak stout.

 

 

6. Ixeridium

 
 
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