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(Last Modified On 8/6/2013)
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(Last Modified On 8/6/2013)
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Species
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Codonanthe crassifolia (Focke) Morton
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PlaceOfPublication
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Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18: 1159. 1938.
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Synonym
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Hypocyrta crassifolia Focke, Tijdschr. Wis-Natuurk. Wetensch. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. 5: 199. 1852. TYPE: Surinam, Focke, colored drawing (L; US, photo). Codonanthe confusa Sandwith, Bull. Misc. Inform. 1931: 492. 1931. TYPE: Karouany, French Guiana, Sagot 426 (K, holotype; P, isotype, US, photo). Codonanthe formicarum Fritsch, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 491. 1906. TYPE: Rio Jurua', Ule 5776 (B, holotype probably not extant). Episcia hookeri Hanst., Linnaea 34: 350. 1865. TYPE: Trinidad, Purdie (not seen).
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Description
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Epiphytic subshrubs; stems pendent, repent, or creeping, usually ca. 30 cm long, occasionally to 2 m, 2-4 mm in diam., the nodes larger, green to reddish, the apex puberulent, glabrous below. Leaves nearly equal in a pair; blades elliptic to oblong or ovate, 1.5-5.5 cm long, 0.8-2.2 cm wide, fleshy or succulent, the apex acute, rounded to cuneate at the base, nearly entire, above dark green, rarely reddish, glabrous to minutely puberulent, below lighter green or reddish, the midvein often prominent; petiole rarely more than 1 cm long, puberulent, red extrafloral nectaries sometimes at the bases. Inflorescences axillary, 1 or 2 flowered; pedicels ca. 5 mm long, puberulent. Flowers small, uncommon, the calyx lobes free, nearly equal, the posterior lobe forced back by the corolla spur, each linear lanceolate, 2-9 mm long, green or reddish, puberulous, with reddish nectaries at the sinuses of the lobes; corolla white or cream colored, yellow on lower surface inside, rarely pink on the lobes, the tube oblique in the calyx, spurred at the base, less than 2 cm long, 1-2 mm wide at base, broader above, 5-8 mm wide at the throat, glabrous or puberulent outside, glandular inside, not grooved or ridged, limb lobes spreading, rotund, 2-6 mm wide, nearly entire; stamens included, the filaments ca. 8 mm long, adnate to the base of the corolla, glabrous or minutely glandular puberulent, the anthers rounded, ca. 1 mm long, yellow, coherent in pairs, connective angled; disc gland solitary, glabrous; ovary puberulous, style ca. 10 mm long, glabrate, the stigma stomato- morphic. Capsule tardily dehiscent, subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diam., pink to red, shiny, puberulent to glabrescent, the apex not prominent; seeds enclosed in the aril, oblong, ca. 2 mm long, longitudinally striate, reddish to brown. Chromo- somes n = 16 (Wiehler, 1975b).
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Habit
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subshrubs
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Note
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As Moore (1973) wrote, "Codonanthe crassifolia has the greatest range and the most variable morphology of any species in the genus."
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Distribution
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distributed through Central America into northern South America south to Peru and Brazil, and east to Venezuela and Trinidad.
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Note
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In Panama, C. crassifolia has been collected most often in the provinces of Bocas del Toro and Darien, and on Barro Colorado Island in the Canal Zone. Its range overlaps somewhat the other species of Codonanthe in Panama'. Because of its variable morphology, sterile specimens or those without mature flowers or fruits cannot be identified with certainty. The flowers are smaller than those of any other species in Panamai; the subglobose fruits distinguish this species from the ovoid acute to acuminate fruits of C. macradenia. Doubtfully identified specimens are not in- cluded in the list below.
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Specimen
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BOCAS DEL TORO: Changuinola, Croat & Porter 16313 (MO). Potrero, Chinguinola valley, Dunlap 503 (F, US). Almirante, just N of Dos Milla, low swampy area, McDaniel 5133 (FSU, MO). Chiriqui Lagoon, Wedel 1156 (MO), 1296 (MO). Old Bank Island, Chiriqui Lagoon, Wedel 1875 (MO, US). Little Bocas, Chiriqui Lagoon, Wedel 2549 (MO). Western River, Chiriqui Lagoon, Wedel 2782 (MO, US). Bastimentos, Mariano Creek, Chiriqui Lagoon, Wedel 2893 (MO). CANAL ZONE: Barro Colorado Island, Croat 5423 (MO), 6147 (MO), 8467 (MO); Foster 1019 (DUKE, F, PMA). Chagres, Fendler 178 (NY). COCLE: Above Penonome, Williams 432 (NY). DARIEN: Alconorque swamp on Rio Tuira, ca. 3 mi NW of El Real, Duke 4816 (MO). Rio Pirre, 1-5 mi downstream from El Real, Duke 4937 (MICH, MO). 1-4 mi N of Pucro, Duke 13016 (MO). Rio Balsa between Manene and Tusijuanda, Duke 13566 (MO). Rio Morti, Drill Site 7, 250 m, Duke 14206 (MO, NY). Manene to mouth of Rio Cuasi, Kirkbride & Bristan 1423 (MO, NY). S of El Real, Don Pablo Othon's pasture, foothills of Cerro Pirre, Stern et al. 760 (MO, US). PANAMA: El Llano-Carti road 11 km from El Llano and junction with Panamerican Highway, 500 mn, Skog & Folsom 4169 (US). VERAGUAS: Guabal, Rio Dos Bocas 16 km NE of Santa Fe, 500 m, Dressler 4802 (PMA).
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