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Project Name Data (Last Modified On 1/22/2013)
 

Flora Data (Last Modified On 1/22/2013)
Species Ficus MAXIMA P. Mill.
PlaceOfPublication Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (Ficus no. 6). 1768.
Synonym Ficus citrifolia hort. ex Lamck. Encycl. Meth. (Bot.) 2:494. 1786, quoad syn. excl. typus (in herb. Lamarck). Ficus laurifolia hort. ex Lamck. loc. cit. 2:495. 1786, quoad syn. excl. typus (spec. in herb. Desfontaines). Ficus virens Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 1. 3:451. 1789, quoad syn. excl. typus. Ficus anthelminthica Rich. ex DC. Ess. P1. Med. 267. 1804 (fide herb. Richard), nom. nud. Ficus martinicensis Willd. Sp. P1. ed. 4. 42:1137. 1806, quoad syn. excl. typus. Ficus radula H. & B. ex Willd. loc. cit. 1144. 1806. Pharmacosycea grandaeva Mart. ex Miq. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7:70. 1848. Pharmacosycea guyanensis Miq. loc. cit. 67. 1848. Pharmacosycea glaucescens Liebm. in Kong. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. ser. 5. 2:332. 1851. Pharmacosycea hernandezii Liebm. loc. cit. 1851. Pharmacosycea rigida Miq. in Seem. Vot. Voy. Herald. 195. 1854, nec Desf. nec Jack. Pharmacosycea mexicana Miq. in Versl. en Med. Kon. Akad. Wetensch. 13:415. 1862. Pharmacosycea pseudoradula Miq. loc. cit. 414. 1862. Ficus suffocans Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 150. 1864. Ficus glaucescens (Liebm.) Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3:300. 1867. Ficus hernandezii (Liebm.) Miq. loc. cit. 1867. Ficus parzeri Miq. loc. cit. 1867. Ficus mexicana (Miq.) Miq. loc. cit. 299. 1867. Ficus pseudoradula (Miq.) Miq. loc. cit. 1867. Ficus coybana Miq. loc. cit. 300. 1867. Ficus guadalajaranza S. Wats. in Proc. Amer. Acad. 26:151. 1891. Ficus finlayana Warb. in Urb. Symbol. Antill. 3:487. 1903 (pro parte). Ficus picardaeWarb. loc. cit. 484. 1903. Ficus rubricosta Warb. loc. cit. 486. 1903. Ficus subscabrida Warb. loc. cit. 485. 1903. Ficus ulei Warb. ex Ule, in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 40:141. 1907, nom. nud. Ficus plumieri Urb. in Fedde, Repert. 15:158. 1918. Ficus bopiana Rusby, in Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7:230. 1927. Ficus ulei Rossb. in Fedde, Repert. 42:60. 1937. Ficus vicencionis Dugand, in Caldasia 2:385-386. 1944.
Description Small to large trees 5-30 m. tall. Twigs 3-5 mm. in diameter, glabrous or pubescent, with a thin, scurfy, yellowish brown periderm. Stipules to 25 mm. long, narrowly deltoid, glabrous, puberulent, or pubescent at the base. Lamina 2.5-12 cm. wide X 6-24 cm. long, elliptic, broadly elliptic, lanceolate, oblanceo- late, or obovate, glabrous above, glabrous or puberulent beneath; apex blunt, acute, acuminate or long acuminate; base cuneate or obtuse; lateral veins 5-16 pairs, departing from the midrib at an angle from 0?-300; basal veins departing from the midrib at an angle of 40?-60?; intercostals slightly raised. Petiole 5-40 mm. long, 1/5-1/9 the length of the lamina, the epidermis generally scurfy. Figs 10-25 mm. in diameter, globose, or sub-globose, glabrous or puberulent, sometimes with a stalk above the basal bracts 2-7 mm. long, borne among the leaves; color green or yellow, sometimes mottled darker; peduncle 2-25 mm. long, glabrous or pubescent; basal bracts 1-2 mm. long, deltoid, glabrous or pubescent; orifice 1-2 mm. in diameter, flat, or the bracts slightly outflexed.
Habit trees
Specimen Southern Mexico to and through the Amazon basin, lowlands to about 1000 ft. BOCAS DEL TORO: Changuinola Valley, Cooper & Slater 92, Dunlap 498. CANAL ZONE: south of Ft. Sherman, Johnston I656; Balboa, Standley 2561I, 27006; Corozal, Standley 26829; Ancon, Pittier 2728; Culebra, Pittier 22II. COCLEf: Penonome, Williams 25I. PANAMA: San Jose Island, Johnston 449, 533, I338, I383; Taboga Island, Standley 27976; Chepo, Pittier 4757; Juan Dias, Standley 3048I.
Note This seems to be a relatively common species in lowland forest and in lowland hill forest from Cuba and southern Mexico to, and through, the Amazon basin. In the low mountain rain forest in Jamaica this species occasionally overtops the forest canopy (Apsey, 1953), and it forms an element of the flora which springs up on waste land left after removal of bauxite in western Jamaica (Howard and Proctor, 1957). Despite the multitude of names which have been proposed for various examples of this species, it does not seem to be particularly variable. There is, of course, considerable variation in leaf size (which is reflected, at least to some extent, in lateral vein number) between young and old plants and shoots, and, of course, leaves from vigorous shoots seem to be generally more strongly acuminate than leaves from mature twigs. The oldest legitimate name for this species as here defined is Ficus maxima Mill. There is no specimen from Miller's herbarium in the British Museum (NH), so the name must be typified on Ficus indica maxima, folio oblongo . . . of Sloane's "Catalogus. .." 189 (1696) and "Voyage... " 2:140, t. 223 (1725). There is no specimen in the Sloane collection at the B.M. (NH) and the illustration is certainly not diagnostic, but the description is good and sufficiently specific, so that I have no hesitation in designating it the nomenclatural type of Miller's name and following Fawcett and Rendle (Fl. Jam. 31:48.49. 1914) in referring it to the plant which for a century has been known as Ficus suffocans Griseb. Ficus protensa (Griseb.) Hemsl. was included in the synonymy of Ficus glaucescens by Standley, but I do not know on what grounds. No type was cited in the original description and I have no record of having seen a specimen so labeled. The description is certainly not diagnostic of this taxon. I think that it is unwise to doubt Grisebach's assignment of his plant to the subgenus UROSTIGMA without being able to demonstrate his error from the original.material. I have not seen authentic material of Ficus guadalajarana, S. Wats. It is included here on the authority of Dr. Woodson. I have seen the types of all the other names.
 
 
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