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(Last Modified On 1/28/2013)
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(Last Modified On 1/28/2013)
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Species
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RIVINA HUMILIS L.
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PlaceOfPublication
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Sp. P1. 122. 1753.
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Synonym
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Rivina hurnilis a canescens L. Sp. PI. 122. 1753. Ritina hurnilis 8 glabra L. loc. cit. 1753. Rivina laevis L. Mant. 41. 1767. Piercea glabra Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Piercea no. 1. 1768. Piercea taonentosa Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Piercea no. 2. 1768. Rivina viridis Schmidt, in Mayer, Samn-i. Phys. Aufs. 1:185. 1791. Rivina brasiliensis Nocca, in Usteri. Ann. Bot. 6:63. 1793. Solanoides pubescens Moench, Meth. 307. 1794. Solanoides laevis Moench, loc. cit. 1794. Rivina pallida Salisb. Prod. 67. 1796. Rivina gracilis Salisb. loC. cit. 1796. Solanoides undulata Moench, M4eth. Suppl. 106. 1 802. Rivina lanceolata Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. Suppl. 8. 1813. Rivina tetrandra Desfl. Tabl. ed. 2. 49. 1815. Rivina pzu berula HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2:184. 1817. Rivi-na finctoria Ham. ex G. Don. in Loud. Hort. Brit. Suppl. 1:59 8. 1 8 3 2. Ritvina portu!accoides Nutt. in Trans. Am. Pnil. Soc. II. 5:167. 1 837. Rwvina acumniinata Raf. New Fl. 4:13. 1838, non HBK. (1817). Piercea acuminala Raf. loc. cit. 1838. Rivina obliqutata Raf. loc. cit. 1838. Piercea obliquata Raf. loc. cit. 18 3 8. Rivina canescens G. Don. in Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2:460. 1841. Rivina laetls 8 acuininata Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132:12. 1849. Rivina orientalis Moq. loc. cit. 1849. Rivina procumbens Ruiz, ex Moq. loc. cit. 13. 149. Rivina humilis a puberula (HBK.) Moq. loc. cit. 1849. Rivi-na hu-nilis P canescens (G. Don.) Moq. loc. cit. 1849. Rivina humilis y piuinbaginifolia Willd. ex Moq. loc. cit. 1849. Rizina aurantiaca Warsz. ex Schenk, Ind. Sern. NWerceburg. 1 861. Rivina laetis var. pubescens Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 59. 1864. Rivina viridiflora Bel, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12:105. 1883. Rivina paraguayensis Parodi, in Anal. Soc. Cient. Argent. 5:206. 1878. Tithonia humilis 0. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 552. 1891. Tithonia humilis var. canescens f. albiflora 0. Kuntze, loc. cit. 1 891. Tithonia humilis var. glabra 0. Kuntze, loc. cit. 1891. Rivina humilis laevis Millsp. in Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 2:41. 1900. Rivina humilis var. orientalis (Moq.) H. Walt. in EngI. Pflanzenr. 483:105. 1909.
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Description
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Straggling shrubs or tall herbs sometimes -woody at the base, up to 10 meters high. Leaves elliptic to ovate or lanceolate, the apex acute to acuminate, the base rounded or truncate, 2-6 cm. wide, 4-12 cm. long; petioles 0.6-11.0 cm. long. Flowers small, drooping; pedicels 3 mm. in flower, elongating to about 7 mm. in fruit; bracts lanceolate, about 2 mnm. long; tepals 4, white or pinkish white, 2.0- 3.5 mm. long; stamens 4, inserted at the base of the perianth, about 1.5 mm. long. Fruit a scarlet or red berry, about 4.0-4.5 nmm. in diameter. Florida to Oklahoma and Texas; throughout Mexico and southward to Argen- tina; West Indies. In Costa Rica found up to 1040 meters elevation. Particularly common on waste ground, often on coastal rocks. Among the common names are Wild Tomato, Bloodberry, and car-min.
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Habit
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shrubs herbs
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Specimen
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BOCAS DEL TORO: region of Almirante, Cooper 77; location not stated, Carleton 52; vicinity of Nievecita, Woodson f& Schery I023; Woodson., Allen S5 Seibert 1807; Water Valley, Von Wedel 609; Chiriqui Lagoon, vicinity of Little Bocas, kVto Wedel 2526; vicinity of Chiriqui Lagoon, Big Bight, Von Wedtel 28.82. CHIRIQU': valley of upper Rio Chiriqui Viejo, P. S G. White 88. COCLr: mountains beyond La Pintada, Huinter & Allen 579. DARIEN: near mouth of Rio Yape, Allen 336; vicinity of B3oca de Cupe, Allen 889.
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Note
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Walter recognizes three varieties of Rivina humilis based on glabrity or degree of pubescence. R. humiilis var. orientalis is in Asia, presumably escaped from culti- vation as the genus is probably not indigenous to the region. R. humilis var. canescens is recognized by the tomentose stems and densely pilose leaves and petioles, and is cited as found in Brazil and the lesser Antilles. R. hitmilis var. glabra is, as the names implies, completely glabrous, and is widely distributed from Texas to Argentina. Use of pubescence as a distinguishing varietal character is unconvinc- ing; consequently the specimens examined have been treated as a single species with a wide range of variation in the degree of relationship between pubescence and glabrity of any part of a plant. The synonymy has likewise been regarded as pertaining to a single species.
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