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Cronquist, A. J. 1994. Asterales. 5: 1–496. In A. J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
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Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
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Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2011. Flora of China (Asteraceae). 20–21: 1–992. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 2006. Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1. 19: i–xxiv, 1–579. In Fl. N. Amer.. Oxford University Press, New York.
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Gleason, H. A. & A. J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
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Hitchcock, C. H., A. J. Cronquist, F. M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1984. Compositae. Part V.: 1–343. In C. L. Hitchcock Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W.. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
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Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
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Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
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Scoggan, H. J. 1979. Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae). Part 4. 1117–1711 pp. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
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Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York.
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Voss, E. G. 1996. Michigan Flora, Part III: Dicots (Pyrolaceae-Compositae). Cranbrook Inst. of Science, Ann Arbor.
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