Published In:
Species Plantarum 2: 987. 1753. (1 May 1753) ( Sp. Pl.)   
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(Last Modified On 5/8/2022)
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Acceptance
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Accepted
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(Last Modified On 2/28/2022)
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Contributor Text:
Anjum Perveen & M. Qaiser
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Contributor Institution:
Centre for Plant Conservation, University of Karachi – PAKISTAN
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Synonym Text:
Xanthium canadense Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. 1768; Xanthium america–num Walter, Fl. Carol. 231. 1788; Xanthium macrocarpum DC. var. glabratum DC., Prodr. 5: 523. 1836; Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallroth, Beitr. Bot. 228, 236. 1844; Xanthium acutum Greene in Pittoniia 4: 62. 1899. Xanthium sibiricum Paterin ex Widder, Feddes Reprert. Beih. Bot. 20: 32. 1923; Samoljaninova in Schischkin, Fl. USSR 25: 490. 1999 (Engl. Transl.).
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Flower/Fruit:
Fl. Per (in our region). Vern.: Geeshy (Pashto), Cockleburr (English)
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Type:
Lectotype: Herb. Linn. 1113.1 (LINN). (Lectotypified by Rechinger, Fl. Iran. 164. 39. 1989).
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Distribution:
A pantropical weed of South American origin, widely established as a weed in Old and New World.
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Comment/Acknowledgements:
A common weed of roadside, damp places and waste grounds.
A highly variable species, especially spines of fruiting capitula are highly variable in shape, size and density. Xanthium strumarium L. has been described several times under different names, as evident from the long list of synonymy. However, the variation in the different characters of spines of fruiting capitula is continuous.
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Map Location:
B–7 6½ miles from Saidu Shareef on way to Kalam, herb with fruit, 27.7.1971, Sultaul Abedin 8264 (KUH); B-8/9 Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, near roadside 22.9.17, Shabir Ijaz 772 (KUH); Neelum valley, Azad Kashmir, 15.8.17, Shabir Ijaz 711 (KUH); c. 109 km from Basham Afler Dasu on way to Chilas, perennial shrub, ± 50–70 cm tall, 1.10.1989, S. I. Ali, W. Segong, Tahir Ali & G. Ke 3185 (KUH); C–6 Lakki Marwat, 15.9.2008, Farman Ali & Mohd. Bilal 01 (KUH); about 1 mile from Chakwal on way to Choha Saidan Shah, erect, 75 cm, 25.9.70, S. A. Farooqi & M. Qaiser 2887 (KUH); C–7 c. 20 km from Kotli on way to Palandri, erect, 50 – 60 cm high, with buds, 16.9.87, Tahir Ali, M. Qaiser & M. Ajmal 198 (KUH); D–4 Distt. Ziarat, Warchoon, erect ± 30 – 35 cm, 9.7.1988, Tahir Ali & Tufail Ahmed 1333 (KUH); D–5 Killa Appozai, Zhob, 24.10.19, Kamran Ishaq 02 (KUH), Killa appozai Zohob, 24.10.19, Nazar Khan Mandokhel 01 (KUH); D–8 Lahore Distt.: Baghe Jinnah, Lahore, greenish flower, 70 cm high herb, 27.4.69, Sultanul Abedin 2388 (KUH); E–6 c. 5 km before Ghotki along roadside depression, c. 75 m from s. l., erect perennial herb, ± 40–45 cm tall, shrub, flower pale yellow greenish, 24.9.1988, A. Ghafoor & Tahir Ali 3512 (KUH); F–4 Khuzdar, 2.11.89, Saood Omer, A. Ghafoor & Rizwan Yusuf 1892 (KUH); F–5 c. 10 km from Nawabshah on way to Kazi Ahmad, herb c. 50 cm high spiny fruit, 25.7.86, M. Qaiser & S. Omer 7526 (KUH); G–4 Karachi, Nazimabad Block 2, wasteland, shrub 3' tall, 11.10.58, S. I. Ali s. n. (KUH); near Mosque, University Campus, Karachi, 18.10.67, Khush Gul s. n. (KUH); Karachi University Campus, erect, annual herb, fl. yellow, 22.4.1987, Zeenat & Bushreen 122 (KUH); Paganwalla farm, Kathore, erect annual herb, heads green spiny fruit, 26.5.1988, Bushreen, Nadeem & Moin 74 (KUH); Kenjher lake, small herb grown in mud, yellow green heads, spiny fruit, 22.4.2001, M. Imran 28 (KUH); Kalri control, Sindh, Sadaf Rahim, Sahar Zaidi, M. Imran & Surayya Khatoon SR 830 (KUH); Thatta, herb with spiny fruit, 12.8.2008, Yasir Y–2 (KUH); Kalri lake (Thatta Distt.), April 2016, Afsheen Athar, Rubina Abid & Durdana Kanwal s. n. (KUH); G–5 on way to Sukrand, 13 miles from Hyderabad, 30 cm tall, 26.1.69, Sultanul Abedin & S. A. Farooqi 606 (KUH); Experimental field, Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tandojam, 30.9.1984, Syed Asim Rehan Kazmi s. n. (KUH); near experimental field, Plant Pathology Dept., Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, 30.9.1984, Surayya Khatoon 133 (KUH).
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Unarmed, erect, annual, herbs, 15–75 cm tall, stem brown, strigose hairy, angular, nodal spines absent. Leaves simple, alternate on 2–11 cm long petioles, lamina 9–25 cm long, 2–13.5 cm wide, suborbicular to pentagonal or deltate, cordate, rarely cuneate at base with 3–5, coarsely serrate lobes. Phyllaries 3–seriate, 10–15, linear to lanceolate, outer phyllaries 3–4 mm long, acute, with ciliate margins, middle phyllaries ca 4 mm long, inner most 4–4.5 mm long. Receptacular palea spathulate or oblanceolate with ciliate apex. Male capitula discoid, globose, 5–8 mm across, male florets 20–30, white, 3–4 mm long, corolla tubular, 5–lobed, lobes acute. Anthers with apical appendages; style and ovary rudimentary, greenish. Female capitula oval–ellipsoid, brown with golden hooked spines and two apical beaks, initially 5–6 mm long, increasing upto 11 mm long after maturity, florets 2 per capitulum, sessile. Phyllaries 2–seriate, outer phyllaries linear, green, pubescent, 3–6 mm long, free, deciduous, inner ones spiny, joining inner phyllaries, enclosing the female florets except stigma. Spines 50–100 (–120), hooked, 1–2 mm long reaching upto 4.5 mm in cypselas. Female florets 4–9 mm long consisting of elongated filiform exerted stigma and ovary. Cypselas dark brown, ellipsoid, enclosed in a hard 14–16 mm long spiny, 2–beaked burs, beak 1.5–2 mm long. Pappus absent.
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