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(Last Modified On 7/1/2013)
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(Last Modified On 7/1/2013)
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Species
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Turpinia occidentalis (Swartz) G. Don
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PlaceOfPublication
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Hist. Dichl. P1. 2: 3. 1832.
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Synonym
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Staphylea occidentalis Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 55. 1788. TYPE: Jamaica (not seen). Staphylea heterophylla Ruiz & Pavon, Fl. Peruv. Chil. 3: 29, tab. 253. 1802. TYPE: Peru, ad Mespata et Muna, Ruiz & Pavon (F, fragment). Turpinia paniculata Vent., Choix P1. tab. 31. 1803. TYPE: Santo Domingo, Poiteau & Turpin (not seen). Lacepedea pinnata Schiede, Linnaea 10: 240. 1836. TYPE: Mexico, Vera Cruz, between Acatlan and Chiconquico, Schiede 309 (MO). Turpinia heterophylla (Ruiz & Pavon) Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 3, 6: 363. 1846. Turpinia schiedeana Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, 7: 296. 1847, based on Lacepedea pinnata Schiede. Turpinia pinnata (Schiede) Hemsley, Biol. Centr. Amer., Bot. 1: 216. 1880. Turpinia glandulosa Bello, Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 10: 250. 1881. TYPES: Haiti, in montibus Furcy, 1515 m, Picarda 790, 833 (not seen).
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Description
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Trees to 18 m tall and 30 cm d.b.h.; periderm with many, close, small, vertical fissures; inner bark brown with white markings; sap without odor, glabrate throughout. Leaves opposite, 3-9-foliolate; petiole 4-6(-11) cm long; petiolules less than 1 cm long, longer on terminal leaflets; leaflets elliptic or ovate-elliptic, acuminate, attenuate to rounded at the base, 6-13 cm long, 2.5-6.5 cm wide, sharply to obscurely serrate-crenate; stipules inconspicuous. Inflorescences termi- nal or upper-axillary, much-branched panicles to 30 cm long; pedicels 1-3 mm
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Habit
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Trees
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Description
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long. Flowers 5-parted sepals concave, at least one somewhat longer than the others, to 2.7 mm long, rounded at the apex, persisting in fruit; petals white, obovate, rounded at the apex, 2.3-2.7 mm long; stamens 5, as long as the petals, alternating with them from between the lobes of a crenate or lobed disc, the anthers ovate, attached at the center, the thecae directed upward; pistil of 3 free carpels, the styles connate at anthesis, later becoming free, the stigmas united, held at about the level of the anthers. Berries yellow, subglobose to obovate, 3-locular, to 2 cm diam., with 3 radial grooves at the apex; seeds several per locule, irregularly ovate, 4-5 mm long, smooth, orange brown.
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Distribution
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ranges from Mexico and the West Indies to Venezuela, Peru, and Brazil.
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Note
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It flowers from April to June (rarely as late as August) and fruits mature from August to November. Turpinia occidentalis is quite variable in most aspects including number of leaflets, degree of pubescence, and flower size. There seems to be no evidence that characters used by Ventenat to separate T. occidentalis and T. paniculata are valid. He separated them on the basis of alternate versus opposite leaves, bisexual versus polygamodioecious flowers, unlobed versus crenate disc, and ob- long seeds 1 per locule versus subrounded seeds, more than 1 per locule. Both taxa were described from West Indian material and both are apparently based on large-flowered plants. The species can be divided with some difficulty into at least two subspecies. The typical subspecies has larger flowers and larger fruits which are often at least weakly tricornate. It also generally inhabits regions above 1,000 m elevation. The smaller-flowered subspecies, long going by the name T. paniculata Vent., is newly named here since Ventenat's plate clearly shows the large-flowered plant. The small-flowered subspecies, occurring prin- cipally in the lower part of Central America and at lower elevations, is mostly replaced by the typical subspecies in western, upland Panama as well as else- where in middle America and Mexico. Perhaps also worthy of recognition as subspecies are two other forms. One of these is represented by Allen 4741 and Stern et al. 2043, both from Chiriqui Prov- ince at elevations above 1,500 m. This form differs from the typical variety in having leaflets remotely crenate-serrate with more prominent reticulate vena- tion. The second form differs from the typical subspecies in having smaller leaflets which are closely serrate and dry dark. Flowering is somewhat precocious and leaves on flowering plants may be not fully developed. Examples of this form are: Kirkbride & Duke 855, 941; Croat 26412; Mort & Kallunki 5892; Gentry 2042; Davidson 375, 456. Both forms are cited below with the typical subspecies.
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Specimen
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CHImIQUI: Finca Lerida, slopes of Quebrada Velo, 5000 ft, Allen 4741 (MO). Las Nubes, ca. 2000 m, Croat 26412 (CAS, DUKE, F, GH, MO, PMA, TEX). Above Boquete on road to Cerro Horquete, 1400-1600 m, Croat 27033 (MICH, MO, P, PMA). Bajo Chorro, vie. Bo- quete, 6000 ft, Davidson 375, 456 (both F, MO). Cerro Horqueta, ca. 1500 m, Duke et al. 13662 (DUKE). Boquete, Cerro Horqueta, 5000-6000 ft, Dwyer & Hayden 7716 (CAS, DAV, MISSA, MO, PMA, VEN). Cerro Respinga, along Boquete Trail, 2000-2500 m, Gentry 5941 (MO, PMA, RSA, VEN). Between Pinola and divide on Chiriquicito-Caldera Trail, Kirkbride & Duke 855 (MO). Between Quebrada Hondo and divide on Caldera-Chiri- quicito Trail, Kirkbride & Duke 941 (MO). Boquete, 4500 ft, Lao 375 (MO). Cerro Colo- rado, 50 km N of San F61ix, 1200-1500 ft, Mori & Dressler 7799 (MO, NY, PMA). North of San Felix at Chiriqui-Bocas del Toro border, 5000-5500 ft, Mori & Kallunki 5892 (F, MO, PMA, US). Boquete, Finca Collins, 5800-6700 ft, Stern et al. 33795 (MO). Cerro Punta, ca. 6000 ft, Tyson 7028 (PMA). VERAGUAS: Cerro Tute ca. 10 km NW of Santa Fe, Mori 6280 (F, MO, PMA).
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