32. Tortula Hedw.  墙藓属 qiang xian shu

Sp. Musc. Frond. 122. 1801.

 

Plants small, stout, bright to dark green above, reddish brown below, in loose or dense tufts. Stems erect, simple, rarely irregularly branched, radiculose below; central strand present. Leaves contorted-curved or somewhat crisped when dry, spreading or slightly reflexed when moist, oblong-ligulate, obovate or spathulate, rounded-obtuse to broadly acute or mucronate at apex, sometimes sheathing at base; margins often recurved or revolute, entire or crenulate by projecting papillae, occasionally weakly serrulate near apex, borders sometimes differentiated by short or elongate, yellowish or brownish cells; costa stout or slender, reddish brown, usually excurrent, ending in a short to rather long, serrate or smooth awn, dentate on the dorsal surface and tips, in cross section 1 dorsal stereid band present, dorsal epidermal cells developed, rarely costa ending just below the apex; upper leaf cells often rounded-quadrate to hexagonal, thin- to moderately thick-walled, each cell covered by several C-shaped or circular papillae, rarely smooth; basal cells sharply differentiated, rectangular, hyaline, smooth. Autoicous or dioicous. Setae elongate, straight; capsules erect or slightly inclined, cylindrical; peristome teeth 32, filiform, or irregularly linear-lanceolate, twisted or sometimes erect, densely papillose, with low or high basal membrane; annuli weakly differentiated or consisting of 1–3 rows of vesiculose cells; opercula conic-rostrate, with a long oblique beak. Calyptrae cucullate, smooth. Spores spherical, small, yellowish or yellowish brown, smooth or minutely papillose.

 

 

1. Upper costa covered ventrally by a massive pad of inflated, papillose cells............................ 1. T. atrovirens

1. Upper costa covered ventrally by a row of normal-sized cells........................................................................... 2

2. Upper leaf cells smooth....................................................................................................... 3. T. mucronifolia

2. Upper leaf cells papillose................................................................................................................................. 3

3. Costa subpercurrent or percurrent......................................................................................................................... 4

3. Costa excurrent, ending in a short or long awn..................................................................................................... 5

4. Plants 3–5 mm high; margins recurved nearly throughout leaf length; peristome teeth twisted, with low basal membrane........................................................................................................................ 2. T. leptotheca

4. Plants to 30 mm high; margins more or less plane or only slightly recurved near base; peristome teeth erect, without basal membrane.......................................................................................... 7. T. yuennanensis

5. Leaves spathulate, margins plane or nearly so; setae ca. 5 mm long.......................................... 5. T. planifolia

5. Leaves oblong-elliptic, margins distinctly recurved; setae more than 10(–25) mm long................................ 6

6. Leaf margins bordered by elongate, rather thin-walled cells; peristome teeth with high basal membrane,

ca. 1/3–1/2 of the teeth length...................................................................................................... 6. T. subulata

6. Leaf margins bordered by short, more incrassate cells; peristome teeth with low basal membrane, not extending above the mouth of the capsule...................................................................................................... 7

7. Leaf apices rounded-obtuse; costa excurrent as a rather long, hyaline awn............ 4a. T. muralis var. muralis

7. Leaf apices broadly acute or mucronate; costa percurrent or just as a short mucro............ 4b. T. muralis var. aestiva