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(Last Modified On 2/15/2011)
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Acceptance
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Accepted
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(Last Modified On 2/15/2011)
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Discussion:
Barbula indica is a common Central American species found on a wide array of substrates and with a broad elevational range. The species typically has ligulate leaves that are deeply grooved along the costa on the upper ventral surface, weakly recurved leaf margins, rounded to bluntly acute and apiculate leaf apices, round, densely papillose (the papillae c-shaped or multiplex) cells on the upper, dorsal surface of the costa, and numerous axillary propagula. Barbula indica is extremely variable in leaf shape, apex form, costal length, degree of leaf marginal recurving, and degree of perichaetial leaf differentiation. One extreme form of the species (see Allen 18544A, MO) has narrow, lanceolate leaves, sharply acute apices, and fragile leaf laminae. The propagula of this species are variable in shape, size, and color, and they are sometimes found on basal rhizoids. Detailed discussions on the species and its variability are given by Saito (1975) and Zander (1979).
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Illustrations:
Hooker (1820, Pl. 130); Steere (1938, Pl. 88 D, as B. cruegeri); Bartram (1949, Fig. 58 A–D, as B. pringlei, Fig. 59 A–D, as B. cruegeri); Saito (1975, Fig. 44 1–15); Zander (1979, Figs. 1–14); Crum and Anderson (1981, Fig. 153 H–O, as B. cancellata); Zander (1981a, Pl. 1 8–15); Noguchi (1988, Fig. 126 A); Norris and Koponen (1989, Fig. 10 a–d); Sharp et al. (1994, Fig. 215); Churchill and Linares (1995, Fig. 151 a–f). Figure 10.
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Habitat:
On sandy or bare soil, clay, gravel, along roadsides, in ditches, along streams, cement spillways, bridge abutments, and limestone rocks; 10–2286 m.
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Distribution in Central America:
BELIZE. Belize: Allen 19092 (BRH, MO); Cayo: Allen 18141 (BRH, MO); Corozal: Harvill & Harvill (MO); Toledo: Allen 18544A (MO). GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz: Croat 41401 (MO); Baja Verapaz: Williams et al. 42192A (MO); Huehuetenango: Sharp 4984 (F, FH); Jalapa: Steyermark 32950 (F); Petén: Bartlett 12543 (F, MO, NY, US); Quiché: Williams et al. 41173 (MO). HONDURAS. Comayagua: Allen 13432 (MO, TEFH); Copán: Allen 17664 (MO, TEFH); Olancho: Allen 12439 (MO, TEFH). NICARAGUA. Managua: Garnier 725 (US). COSTA RICA. Alajuela: Crosby 3756 (MO); Limón: Gutierrez s.n. (US); Puntarenas: Bowers 605 (MO); San José: Holz & Schäfer-Verwimp CR99-1258 (GOET, MO). PANAMA. Bocas del Toro: Allen 5327 (MO); Canal Area: Steyermark & Allen 16792 (MO, PMA); Colón: Welch 20036 (NY); Darién: Allen 8789 (MO); Los Santos: Hammel 5313 (MO, PMA); Panamá: Allen 9020 (MO, PMA).
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World Range:
Western Canada, North-Central, Northeastern, Southwestern, South-Central, and Southeastern U.S.A.; Mexico; Central America; Caribbean, Western and Northern South America, Brazil; China, Eastern Asia; Macaronesia, Northeast, West-Central, East, and South Tropical Africa, Western Indian Ocean; Indian Subcontinent, Indo-China, Malesia;
Northwestern, North-Central, and Southwestern Pacific.
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Barbula indica (Hook.) Spreng. in Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 2: 72. 1824.
Tortula indica Hook., Musci Exot. 2: 135. 1819. Semibarbula indica (Hook.) Herz. ex Hilp., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 50(2): 626. 1933. Protologue: India. In India orientali, Röttler. In muris Horti Botanici Calcuttae, Indiae orientaois. Gul. Wallich, M.D.
Barbula cruegeri Sond. ex C. Müll., Syn. Musc. Frond. 1: 618. 1849. Protologue. Trinidad. Insula Trinitatis Antillarum: Crüger legit in terra argillosa ad La Ventille, die Aug. 2 1846, fructibus supramaturis in muris et rupibus calcareis formam confertiorem Nov. 28.
Barbula lonchostega C. Müll., Bull. Herb. Boissier 5: 195. 1897. Protologue: Guatemala. Inter Cubulco et Soyabaji, Septbri 1870 [Bernoulli & Cario] Coll N° 104 (NY).
Barbula hypselostegia Card., Rev. Bryol. 36: 84. 1909. Streblotrichum hypselostegium (Card.) Hilp., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 50(2): 635. 1933. Protologue: Mexico. Etat de Puebla: Honey Station, associé à Barbula Lozanoi Card., 1908, [Pringle] n° 10653 in parte. (FH)
Barbula pringlei Card., Rev. Bryol. 36: 85. 1909. Streblotrichum pringlei (Card.) Hilp., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 50(2): 635. 1933. Protologue: Mexico. Etat de Morelos: rochers humides près de Cuernavaca, 1908, [Pringle] n° 10637, 15177. (Lectotype: Pringle 10637 (Zander 1979), FH).
Plants small, dull, dark-green to yellow-green above, brown below, in tufts, 2–25 mm high. Stems red, erect, not or sparsely branched, sclerodermis and central strand present; rhizoids sparsely distributed at base of stems, smooth. Axillary hairs 4–5 cells long, all cells hyaline. Leaves 0.5–2.0 mm long, ligulate-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or lingulate, crowded to well-spaced on stem, erect-incurved, contorted, at times catenulate when dry, erect-spreading to spreading when wet, deeply grooved along the costa on ventral surface, ventral epidermal cells elongate; apices acute, rounded to broadly acute, minutely apiculate; lamina unistratose; margins entire, recurved below, plane above; costa ending below the apex, percurrent or excurrent, densely papillose at back on upper dorsal surface, guide cells and two stereid bands well-developed, ventral surface layer enlarged; upper cells in regular rows, quadrate or hexagonal, 5–10 μm, firm-walled, densely pluripapillose, inner basal cells short- to long-rectangular, firm-walled, smooth, 8–24 x 3–4 μm, outer basal cells quadrate to oblate, alar cells not differentiated. Dense clusters of obovate, clavate or globose, stalked, multicellular propagula often in leaf axils. Dioicous. Perichaetia and perigonia terminal; perichaetial leaves somewhat sheathing, but not otherwise strongly differentiated. Setae 1 per perichaetia, smooth, 10–20 mm long, red, or yellow when young. Capsules oblong-cylindrical, erect, 1.0–1.2 mm long, smooth; exothecial cells short-rectangular, firm-walled; stomata in neck; opercula erect, long-rostrate, 1.5 mm long; annuli well-developed; peristome red-orange, basal membrane high, teeth spirally twisted, to 1.2 mm long, densely spiculose, often cancellate below and strongly articulate above. Spores 9–12 μm, smooth or lightly papillose. Calyptrae smooth, to 3.0 mm long.
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