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(Last Modified On 5/21/2013)
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(Last Modified On 5/21/2013)
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Species
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Paragonia pyramidata (L. C. Rich.) Bur.
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PlaceOfPublication
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Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjobenhavn 1893: 104. 1894.
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Synonym
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Bignonia pyramidata L. C. Rich., Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 110. 1792. TYPE: French Guiana, LeBlond 292 (P-LA). Bignonia laurifolia Vahl, Eclog. Amer. 2: 44. 1798. TYPE: Trinidad, van Rohr s.n. (C). Bignonia ehretioides Chaam., Linnaea 7: 704. 1832. TYPE: Brazil, Sellow s.n. (fide Kunth, Fedde Rep. Beih. 43: 635. 1928; not seen). Bignonia striata DC., Rev. Bign. (Bibl. Univ. Geneve) 22. 1838, nomen nudum. Bignonia rupestris Gardn., Jour. Bot. (Hooker) 1: 179. 1842. TYPE: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Gardner 78 (K). Bignonia sinclairii Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulphur 129. 1844. TYPE: Panama, Sinclair s.n. (K). Zeyheria? surinamensis Miq., Linnaea 18: 250. 1844. LECTOTYPE: Surinam, Focke 230 (U, holotype, excluding leaves of Cydista aequinoctialis; K, isotype). Bignonia lenta Mart. ex DC., Prodr. 9: 159. 1845. TYPE: Brazil, Amazonas, Martius 2977 (M; G-DC, fragments). Bignonia martiusiana DC., Prodr. 9: 156. 1845. TYPE: Brazil, Para, Martius s.n. (1817) (BR). Pachyptera dasyantha DC., Prodr. 9: 176. 1845. TYPE: Brazil, Rio Sao Francisco, Blanchet 2903 (G-DC, K). Pachyptera perrottetii DC., Prodr. 9: 176. 1845. TYPE: French Guiana, Perrottet 2851 (G-DC). Pachyptera striata DC., Prodr. 9: 176. 1845. TYPE: Brazil, Sao Paulo, Lund 783 (G-DC). Pachyptera umbelliformis DC., Prodr. 9: 186. 1845. SYNTYPES: Brazil, Sao Paulo, Martius s.n. (M, not seen); Rio Paraiba, Neuwied s.n. (M, not seen). Pithecoctenium reticulare DC., Prodr. 9: 197. 1845. TYPE: Brazil, without data (G-DC, fragment). Tabebuia pyramidata (L. C. Rich.) DC., Prodr. 9: 214. 1845. Temnocydia elliptica Mart. ex DC., Prodr. 9: 156. 1845, pro syn. Temnocydia lenta Mart. ex DC., Prodr. 9: 159. 1845, pro syn. Arrabidaea dichasia Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 20: 6. 1895. TYPE: Honduras, Santa Barbara, Thieme 5393 (NY, US). Adenocalymma densiflora Rusby, Descr. 300 New Sp. S. Amer. P1. 122. 1920. TYPE: Bolivia, Cataracts of Bopi River, Rusby 484 (NY, US). Petastoma leiophyllum Kranzl., Fedde Repert. 17: 58. 1921. TYPE: Brazil, Parana, Dusen 8633 (K). Petastoma macrocalyx Kranzl., Fedde Repert. 17: 59. 1921. TYPE: Brazil, Sao Paulo, Heiner 569 (S, not seen; K, photo).
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Description
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Liana with somewhat swollen nodes, to 5 cm in diameter, the grayish bark usually thick and soft-corky ridged, the ridges sometimes flattened and obso- lescent; stem with 4 phloem arms in cross section; branchlets terete with raised, warty lenticels, somewhat lepidote, sometimes slightly puberulous when young especially at the nodes, interpetiolar glands mostly lacking, an interpetiolar ridge often present; pseudostipules present, of 2-3 scales, basally thick and pointed apically with the inner side appressed against the twig. Leaves 2- foliolate, sometimes with a tendril (rarely incompletely 3-foliolate); leaflets elliptic to elliptic-obovate or elliptic-ovate, acute, cuneate to rounded, 6.9-22 cm long and 2.3-12.5 cm wide, membranaceous to chartaceous, secondary veins (3-) 4-6 on a wide, strongly ascending, generally lauraceous in appearance, sometimes puberulous on the midvein beneath, lepidote above and beneath, a few plate-shaped glands scattered near the midvein beneath, the main veins often whitish when fresh, usually a uniform gray or olive when dry, when fresh with a sweet smell when crushed; tendril simple or bifid, rarely trifid, at the extreme tip, 5-17 cm long; petiolules 0.7-4.7 cm long, petiole 0.9-4.5 cm long, above with an apical glandular field, lepidote to puberulous. Inflorescence a many-flowered terminal panicle, the branches lepidote to puberulous. Flowers with a sweet slightly spicy aroma, calyx cupular, irregularly truncate to some- what bilabiate, lepidote, usually ciliate around the mouth with simple trichomes, (3-)4-7 mm long, 4-10 mm wide; corolla pale lavender to magenta, inside with the top and base of the tube white, tubular-campanulate, 2.7-5.5 cm long and 0.8-2.2 cm wide at the mouth, the tube 2.1-4.0 cm long, the base somewhat thickened, the lobes 0.5-1.5 cm long, thickly simple-pubescent with moniliform trichomes outside and on the lobes inside, the tube mostly glabrous inside, densely simple-pubescent with long multi-cellular, jointed trichomnes at the level of stamen insertion; stamens didynamous, the anther thecae divaricate, 2-2.5 mm long, the filaments slightly short-puberulous near the base with a conspicuous tuft of long, jointed trichomes at the extreme base, the longer pair 1.6-1.9 cm long, the shorter pair 1.2-1.5 cm long, the staminode 4-6 mm long, inserted 3-5 mm from the base of the corolla tube; pistil 1.9-2.0 cm long, the ovary linear, 4-5 mm long and 1.5 mm wide, strongly lepidote, the ovules 2-seriate; disc annular-pulvinate, 1.5-2.0 mm long and 4 mm wide. Capsule linear, tapering at the ends, not strongly flattened, the valves convex, 32-61 cm long and 1.2-1.4 cm wide, to 0.7 cm thick, surface finely tuberculate, resembling coarse sandpaper in texture; seeds 0.8-1.2 cm long and 2.1-4.4 cm wide, the wings membranaceous, chocolate-brown, not sharply demarcated from the seed body.
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Habit
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Liana
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Note
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An abundant liana of the tropical wet forest and premontane wet forest, P. pyramidata is also common in the tropical moist forest. Ecologically it is equally well adapted to well-drained hillsides or swamps. It ranges from Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia. This species flowers erratically throughout the year but mostly during the dry season. Distinguishing characteristics include the sweet smell of the broken leaves, the typical pseudostipules, and the large lauraceous-looking leaflets. Vegeta- tively it is most easily confused with Ceratophytum tetragonolobum (Jacq.) Sprague & Sandw., which has similar leaves and pseudostipules but also con- spicuous interpetiolar glands and trifid tendrils. Paragonia lacks interpetiolar glandular fields and has simple or minutely bifid tendrils.
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Distribution
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ranges from Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia.
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Specimen
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BOCAS DEL TORO: Changuinola on Rio Changuinola, Dwyer 2892 (MO). Hillside above Almirante, Gentry 2694 (MO). Vicinity of Chiriqui Lagoon, von Wedel 1345, pro parte (GH, MO). Fish Creek Lowlands, von Wedel 2377 (GH, MO, US). CANAL ZONE: Barro Colorado Island, Brown 186 (F); Croat 4762, 4805 (both MO, NY, SCZ), 4917 (MO, SCZ), 5591 (MO, NY, SCZ), 5615 (MO), 5641 (MO, NY), 5645 (MO, SCZ), 5705 (NY, SCZ), 6538 (MO, NY, SCZ), 6584, 7131 (both MO), 7695 (MO, NY, SCZ), 7744, 7895 (both MO), 7896 (MO, SCZ), 8136, 8309A, 8370, 9106, 9227, 9510 (all MO), 10161 (MO, SCZ), 10212 (MO), 10358 (MO, SCZ), 11932, 14626, 14940 (all MO); Foster 689, 1090 (both PMA); Gentry 430 (MO, WIS), 433, 451, 719 (all MO); Standley 40941 (US); Starry 150 (F, MO); Wetmore & Abbe 210 (F); Wetmore & Woodworth 1 (F), 847 (A); Woodworth & Vestal 454 (A, F, MO), 576 (A, F). Near mouth of Rio Chagres, Allen 898 (K, MO, NY, US). Matachin, Cowell 193 (NY). Pipeline Road, Gentry 1417, 1580 (both MO). Road K-19, Gentry 1789 (MO). Pipeline Road, Gentry 1899, 2459 (both MO). Panama Station, Panama Railroad, Hayes 413 (BM). Rio Gatuin, Hayes 915, 1043 (both NY). Las Cruces trail crossing in Madden Forest, Harvey 5285 (F). Gamboa road, Jones 306 (US). Banks of Chagres River below Gatuin, Maxon 4795 (BM, NY, US). Near Cruces, Seemann 400 (K). Chilibre River to 1 mi. below Chilibre, Seibert 1513 (US). CHIRIQUI: W of Rio Chorchita, Gentry 5849 (MO). COCLE: El Valle de Anton, Allen 1751 (F, GH, MO, NY, US); Alston 8715 (BM); Gentry & Dwyer 3572 (MO). Bismark above Penonome, Williams 263 (NY, US). COLON: Rio Gatuncillo in vicinity of Santa Rosa, Allen 4166 (MO). W of Portobelo, Gentry 1764 (MO). DARIEN: Rio Ucurganti, Bristan 1157, pro parte (MO). Santa Fe, Duke 14251 (K, MO). Rio Areti, Duke & Nickerson 14910 (MO). Vicinity of Jaque, Gentry 4100, 4183, 4187 (all MO). Cerro Chucula, drainage of Rio Pavarando, Gentry 4258 (MO). Rio Tuira between Rios Paya and Aspave, Gentry 4406 (MO). El Real, Gentry 4501 (MO). Near Cerro Pirre on Rio Parasenico, Gentry 4690 (MO). Near mouth of Pavarando on Sambui River, Pittier 5577 (US). HERRERA: S of Ocui, Gentry 3129 (MO). LOS SANTOS: Vicinity of Tonosi, Stern et al. 1875 (MO, US); Tyson et al. 2941 (MO, SCZ), 3102 (MO, PMA). PANAMA: Lagarto Bay (Rio Maestro?), Barclay 2777 (BM). Cerro Campana, Gentry 1835 (MO). Rio Maestro, Gentry 2210 (MO). Rio Pasiga, Gentry 2311 (MO). Rio Piragua (Tabardi ), Gentry 2527 (MO). Rio Piragua above confluence with Rio Bayano, Gentry 2588 (MO). Rio Corona, Gentry 2903 (MO). Near Rio Espave, Gentry 3710 (MO). Trail from Rio Espave toward Rio Agua Clara, Gentry 3759 (MO). Along Rio Bayano just above mouth of Rio Espave, Gentry 3782 (MO). Near last river before Rio Parti on trail from Rio Bayano, Gentry 3801 (MO). Near Madden Lake, Gentry 5002 (MO). Rio Chame, Moran 29 (PMA). SAN BLAS: Near Puerto Obaldia, Gentry 1444 (MO). Mainland opposite Playon Chico, Gentry 6384 (MO). Ailigandi River, Lewis et al. 171 (MO, SCZ). VERAGUAS: Vicinity of Santa Fe, Gentry 2942, 3030 (both MO). WITHOUT LOCALITY, Cuming 1179 (BM); Sinclair s.n. (K).
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