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(Last Modified On 6/17/2013)
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(Last Modified On 6/17/2013)
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Distribution
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Spilanthes is a genus of about 50 species of tropical and temperate regions of the New and Old World and is best represented in America and Africa.
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Note
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The black seed with fine perpendicular striae and the easily removed, sometimes tuberculate, exocarp are reminiscent of Eleutheranthera, but other features, including the general shape of the achenes, are quite different. A number of writers have reported Spilanthes uliginosa Swartz from Panama but such Panamanian material is referrable to S. alba L'Her. Spilanthes uliginosa is smaller with narrower leaves. It is a species from the Greater Antilles.
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Reference
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Koster, J. T. & NV. R. Philipson. 1950. Nomenclatural changes in Spilanthes and Blainvillea with remarks and a key to the species of Spilanthes in the Malay Archipelago. Blumea 6: 349-354. Moore, A. H. 1907. Revision of the genus Spilanthes. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 42: 521-569. Standley, P. C. 1928. Flora of the Panama Canal Zone. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 27: 1-416.
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Key
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a. Achene margin massive, 4-10 cells wide on each side of the line of hairs; leaf apices obtuse or acute and mostly more than 3 cm long ...... 4. S. paniculata aa. Achene margin thin, 1-2 cells wide on each side of the line of hairs; leaf apices acute or acuminate, if obtuse, then leaves less than 3 cm long. b. Ligules prominent, more than 8 mm long; receptacle more than 2 mm across at the base; heads becoming more than 8 mm across; upland plants ...... 3. S. oppositifolia bb. Ligules inconspicuous, less than 6 mm long; receptacle less than 1.5 mm across at the base; heads becoming less than 7 mm across; lowland plants. c. Trailing plants; leaves mostly more than 3.5 cm long; ligules ca. 2 mm long, little exserted from the involucral bracts ...... 2. S. diffusa cc. Erect plants; leaves less than 3 cm long; ligules ca. 3 mm long, exserted about the length of the involucral bracts ...... 1. S. alba
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Genus
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Spilanthes Jacq.,
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PlaceOfPublication
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Enum. P1. Carib. 8. 1760.
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Note
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TYPE: S. urens Jacq.
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Description
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Erect or prostrate ephemeral (Panama) herbs, sometimes rooting at the nodes; stems fistulose, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves opposite, entire or shallowly toothed, glabrous or pubescent with short, simple hairs, sometimes with sessile glands, mostly 3-nerved from near the base; petiolate or cuneate and sessile. Inflorescence one or a few heads arising terminally, axillary to a pair of leaves; peduncles slender, elongate, ascending, drying striate or angled. Heads yellow (Panama), white or purplish, radiate or discoid, at first lenticular, becoming globose or elongate-conical; involucral bracts slightly imbricate in 1-2 similar series, lanceo- late, oblong or ovate, apically rounded or obtuse, sometimes mucronulate, or with a narrow hyaline margin, 1-several-nerved, the midvein often basally prominent;
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Habit
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herbs
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Description
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receptacle conical or fusiform; paleas oblong, folded around the florets; ray florets when present few, in 1-2 series, sometimes showy, the tube short-pubescent, slightly expanded basally, the limb broad, 2-3-sinuate-toothed, the androecium lacking, the style branches slightly exserted, resembling those of the disc florets but smaller, the style base slightly expanded, the ovary strongly 2-3-angled with a convex dorsal surface, otherwise resembling those of the disc florets; disc florets numerous, the corollas often colored, tubular and slightly expanded in the upper portion or campanulate, the (4-) 5 deltoid lobes often oblique to the tangential axis of the head, papillose on the dorsal surface, the tube glabrate basally swollen, the stamens (4-) 5, the anthers mostly dark with deltoid, infolded appendages and coherent adjacent auricles, the style branches flattened, marginally papillose or ciliate, apically truncate and fringed, the style base stipitate, much expanded and filling the expanded corolla base, the ovary laterally compressed, lenticular to flat, obovate in outline, apically recessed at the region of corolla insertion, with a small umbo below the stylar base. Achene black, the exocarp transparent, the margins thin to massively thickened, ciliate, the sides elevated or flat, glabrous, pubescent, or tuberculate, the endocarp black, finely striate; pappus of 2-several slender bristles or wanting.
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