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(Last Modified On 3/15/2013)
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(Last Modified On 3/15/2013)
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Genus
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Viola L.
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PlaceOfPublication
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Sp. P1. 933, 1753
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Reference
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Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 402, 1754.
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Description
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Herbs, annual or perennial, rarely suffrutices, often acaulescent. Leaves al- ternate, petiolate, the stipules sometimes foliaceous, persistent. Flowers axillary, usually solitary, zygomorphic, often dimorphous (cleistogamous flowers following chasmogamous ones); pedicels not articulated; sepals subequal, usually basally auricled; petals spreading, unequal, the anterior petal the largest and basally cal- carate; filaments very short, free; anthers free or mostly connivent into a sheath around the ovary, the 2 anterior ones with spur-like or wart-like, nectariferous ap- pendages at the base, these extending into the spur of the anterior petal, the con- nectives produced apically into conspicuous, membranous appendages; ovary with 3 oo-ovulate placentae; style almost erect or usually ? curved downwards, -+ thick- ened or sometimes gradually tapering towards the apex, entire or variously ap- pendaged, the style apex and stigma variously shaped. Capsules loculicidally and elastically 3-valvate, the valves carinate and dorsally thickened; seeds globose- ovoid, arillate or not, usually smooth; endosperm abundant; embryo straight; cotyledons rather thick, plano-convex.
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Habit
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Herbs
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Distribution
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A cosmopolitan genus of about 400 species distributed chiefly in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere; restricted to mountain regions in the tropics; one of the four species reported from Panama is introduced.
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Key
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a. Acaulescent plants. b. Sepals 4.5-5.5 mm long, the basal auricles ca 1 mm long; anterior petal 13 mm long, the spur scarcely 2 mm long .................................... 1. V. guatemalensis bb. Sepals ca 10 mm long, the basal auricles ca 3 mm long; anterior petal 15 mm long, the spur ca 4 mm long ....................................... 2. V. odorata aa. Herbs with creeping, climbing or + erect stems. c. Stems ? erect; stipules up to 2 cm long; leaf blade oblique, narrowly elliptic, cuneate at the base; pedicel up to 6 cm long; connective ap- pendages ca 1 mm long ....................... ............... 3. V. stipularis cc. Stems creeping or climbing; stipules up to 5 mm long; leaf blade trian- gular-ovate, cordate at the base; pedicel up to 2.5 cm long; connective appendages ca 1.5-1.8 mm long ....................... ............. .. 4. V. scandens
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