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Published In: Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 135, 189. 1767. (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12)) Name publication detail
 

Project Name Data (Last Modified On 5/4/2020)
Acceptance : Accepted
Note : Tribe Paederieae
Project Data     (Last Modified On 5/6/2020)
Notes:

Paederia includes about 30 species of herbaceous or suffrutescent climbers, with one or a few species found in nearly all continents, and has several unusual characters in the Rubiaceae. These plants are vines that climb by twining and generally have a foetid or unpleasant odor when the tissues are bruised. The leaves are often cordiform, and notably variable in size and shape within a species. The inflorescences are cymose to spiciform, and in some species have one or a few colored or petaloid leaves associated with the inflorescences; these are "showbracts", but not petaloid calyx lobes that apparently function to attract pollinators. In some cases the showbracts are colored by dense pubescence on the upper surface, while the lower surface is glabrescent. The corollas of a number of species are fenestrated, with five preformed slits near the base and alternate to the corolla lobes; this feature is found in a few Rubiaceae genera that are sometimes not closely related, and the function of these structures is unknonw. The stamens of some species are positioned at different levels in the flower, similarly to those of Amphistemon and Henriquezia. The fruits are drupaceous but dry, with the fruit wall fragmenting at maturity to liberate the two (or rarely three) pyrenes.The pyrenes usually flattened and winged around their margins; or, these pyrenes are subglobose in some species from Asia that are separated in Paederia subg. Paederia. The pyrenes sometimes remain attached to a carpophore after the fruit wall is gone.The individual pyrenes are the unit of dispersal, and were described as diaspores by Puff (1991). 

The most commonly collected species is Paederia foetida, which is widespread in Asia and also cultivated and occasionally naturalized in some other areas (e.g., southern USA, Mauritius). The species of Paederia are generally best distinguished by fruit characters, and can be difficult to separate in flower. Puff (1991) also distinguished species by details of inflorescence arrangement, but the inflorescences are unusual in Paderia in being indeterminate and sometimes one developmental stage of the inflorescence of one species is similar to a different developmental stage of a different species.

One or more species of Paederia are found on most continents, with the greatest number of species in southeastern Asia followed by Madagascar. Nie et al. (2013) reviewed the phytogeography of this genus in light of paleobotanical data. Puff (1991) studied this genus worldwide, with a separate monographic treatment for each region of the world presented as chapters in this work. Puff separated three subgenera, based on morphological characters. As noted above, Subg. Paederia has subglobose, unwinged pyrenes and is found in Aisa. His Subg. Alatopaederia is found in the Neotropics, Asia, and Madagascar (5 species), and has funnelform corollas and stigmas included within the corolla tube, and lacks showbracts in the inflorescence. His Subg. Lecontea is found in Africa and Madagascar (6 species), and has slenderly cylindrical, relatively long corollas, stigmas exserted  ifrom the corolla tube, and sometimes colored showbracts in the inflorescence. However, one species that was described after Puff's study, Paederia taolagnarensis of Madagascar, combines diagnostic characters of the last two subgenera, with funnelform corollas, relatively short calyx lobes, and glabrous leaves similar to theother species of Subg. Alatopaederia but stigmas exserted from the corolla tube as in Subg. Paederia foetida. 

In his study, Puff (1991) clarified the identity of Paederia foetida, and applied this name to different plants than most previous authors but resolved a number of nomenclatural and taxonomic conflicts. Paederia foetida can be recognied n part by its corollas that are not fenestrate; the names Paederia scandens and Paederia tomentosa are synonyms of Paederia foetida (Puff, 1991). Further details of this species were presented (based on Puff's work) by Chen et al. (2011). 

For Madagascar, Puff's treatment (1991: pp. 293-322) recognized 10 named species and one incompletely known, un-named species. Exploration in southern Madagascar later documented Puff's un-named species, and it was described by Razafimandimbison & Taylor (2000) as Paederia taolagnarensis. Two of his subgenera are found in Madagascar, Subg. Alatopaederia and Subg. Lecontea. . Puff included the name Paederia grevei as a synonym of Paederia farinosa subsp. farinosa, but in practice the name "Paederia grevei" has been written in herbarium annotations on specimens of various species of Paederia so specimens identified with this name are often not Paederia farinosa. Native plants of Madagascar that were incorrectly identified as "Paederia foetida" are now treated as Paederia grandidieri and Paederia mandrarensis. See the Madagascar Catalogue page for Paederia for more information about those species. 

The genus description and discussion here apply to Paederia world-wide, but the species treatments are focussed on the Neotropical plants.

Author: C.M. Taylor. The content of this web page was last revised on 4 May 2020.
Taylor web page: http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/curators/taylor.shtml

Distribution: Humid forest and secondary vegetation, generally in lowlands, almost worldwide with one species in Mexico, one species in southern South America, several species in Africa and southern Asia, and centers of diversity in Madagascar and southeast Asia.
References:

 

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Suffrutescent and herbaceous twining vines, unarmed, terrestrial, with raphides in the tissues, with foetid or disagreeable odor when tissues are bruised. Leaves opposite or occasionally 3-4-verticillate, petiolate, entire, with higher-order venation not lineolate, occasionally with pubescent domatia; stipules interpetiolar, triangular or bilobed, generally erect and valvate in bud, persistent or caducous. Inflorescences axillary and/or terminal on main stems or short lateraly stems, thyrsiform to spiciform or cymose, several--multiflowered, pedunculate to subsessile, bracts developed and sometimes enlarged, stipitate, and colored. Flowers sessile to pedicellate, bisexual, homostylous, apparently protandrous, perhaps fragrant and diurnal; hypanthia generally ellipsoid; calyx limb developed, (4)5(6)-lobed, occasionally with calycophylls; corolla salverform to funnelform with tube usually very slender then markedly enlarged at top, white to pink or purple, internally glabrous except pubescent in upper part and on lobes, sometimes fenestrate at base, lobes (4)5(6), triangular, induplicate-valvate in bud, sometimes with margins crisped, sometimes trifid at apex; stamens (4)5(6), inserted at various levels near middle of corolla tube, anthers ellipsoid to oblong, dorsifixed, opening by linear slits, without apical appendage, included; ovary 2(3)-locular, with ovules 1 in each locule, basal; stigmas 2(3), included or exserted. Fruits drupaceous often becoming schizocarpous, compressed-globose to compressed-ellipsoid, dry and usually shiny then fragmenting, with calyx limb persistent and sometimes becoming enlarged; pyrenes  2(3), 1-locular, oblong to ovate in outline and flattened, membranceous to coriaceous, indehiscent, sometimes marginally winged, sometimes borne on persistent carpophores; seeds 1 per pyrene, generally flattened.

 
 
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