Cardamine concatenata (Michaux) O. Schwarz, Feddes Repert. Sp. Nov. Regni Veg. 46: 188. 1939; Dentaria concatenata Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 30. 1803. TYPE:

Cardamine laciniata var. integra O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 349. 1903; Dentaria laciniata var. integra (O. E. Schulz) Fernald, Rhodora 10: 84. 1908. TYPE:

Cardamine laciniata var. lasiocarpa O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 349. 1903. TYPE:

Dentaria laciniata Muhlenberg ex Willdenow, xxx; Cardamine laciniata (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) A. Wood, Amer. Bot. & Fl. 38. 1870, not C. laciniata Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 2, pt. 1: 281. 1840. TYPE:

Dentaria laciniata var. alterna Farwell, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 58. 1930. TYPE:

Dentaria laciniata var. coalescens Fernald, Rhodora 40: 421. 1938. TYPE:

Dentaria laciniata var. latifolia Farwell, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 58. 1930. TYPE:

Dentaria laciniata var. opposite Farwell, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 58. 1930. TYPE:

Herbs, perennial, sparsely pubescent or sometimes glabrous. Rhizomes fleshy, moniliform, segments fusiform, 2–10 mm in diam.; stolons absent. Stems (1–)2–4(–5.5) dm, erect, simple, glabrous or pubescent distally. Rhizomal leaves 3-foliolate, (7–)10–20(–30) cm; petiole (4–)7–18(–25) cm; terminal leaflet oblong, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear, 2.5–6 cm, sessile, base cuneate, margin coarsely dentate to incised or laciniate, sometimes 3-lobed and the lobes toothed to incised, rarely entire, puberulent with trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm, or not; lateral leaflets about as large as or smaller than terminal leaflet, sessile, margin same as terminal leaflet; cauline leaves (2 or) 3, 3-foliolate, whorled to opposite or rarely alternate, similar in morphology to rhizomal leaves; petiole 1–)1.5–6(–7.5) cm, base not auriculate; terminal leaflet lanceolate, linear, or oblanceolate, (3–)4–10(–12) × (0.3–)0.5–2(–2.5) cm, coarsely dentated to incised or rarely subentire, minutely puberulent along margin, subsessile or with petiolule to 3 cm; lateral leaflets similar to terminal one, sometimes smaller, sessile. Racemes ebracteate; fruiting pedicels ascending to divaricate, (0.6–)1–2.7(–3.3) cm. Sepals oblong, (4–)5–8 × 2–4 mm, erect, base of lateral pair slightly saccate; petals white to pale pink, oblanceolate, (8–)10–20 × (3–)4–7(–9) mm, short clawed, apex rounded; median filament pairs 8–12 mm, lateral pair 6–8 mm; anthers oblong-linear, 1.5–2.5 mm. Fruit linear-lanceolate, (2–)2.5–3.8(–4.8) cm × 1.5–3 mm; valves glabrous or sparsely pubescent; style (2–)5–9(–12) mm; ovules and seeds 10–14 per fruit. Seeds brown, oblong, 1.6–3 × 1.8–2 mm. 2n = 128–256.

Flowering Feb–May.

Habitat: wooded bottoms and bluffs, rich woods, limestone cliffs and outcrops, rocky banks, mesic forests, moist areas with leaf litter, floodplain woods.

Elevation: 0–1000 m.

Distribution: Canada (Ontario, Quebec), United States (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, E Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina,Tennessee, E. Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin).