Cardamine bonariensis Persoon, Syn. Pl. 2: 195 (1807); C. flaccida subsp. bonariensis (Persoon) O. E. Schulz. TYPE: Argentina, Buenos Aires, Commerson s.n. (holotype, P-JU; isotype, P!).

Cardamine flaccida Chamisso & Schlechtendall, Linnaea 1: 21. 1826; C. bonariensis var. flaccida (Chamisso & Schlechtendal) J. F. Macbride, Field Mus. Pub. Bot. 13, pt. 2: 962. 1938 TYPE: Chile. Talcaguano, 1816, Chamisso & Eschscholz s.n. (holotype, LE; isotype, B).

Nasturtium radicans Walpers, Nov. Act. Acad. Case. Leop.-Carol. 19(1). Suppl. 247. 1843; Cardamine radicans (Walpers) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 21. 1891. TYPE: Chile, Valparaiso, Collector ? (holotype,…).

Nasturtium turfosum Kunze ex Walpers, Nov. Act. Acad. Case. Leop.-Carol. 19(1). Suppl. 247. 1843. TYPE: Chile, Valparaiso, Pöppig 165 (holotype, ?; isotypes, G, ….).

Cardamine laxa Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 158. 1845; C. flaccida prol. laxa (Bentham) O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 448. 1903. TYPE: Ecuador, Popayan: near Tambo de Garbiel Lopez in Páramo de Guanaco, Hartweg 880 (holotype, K!; isotypes, 2G!).

Cardamine nasturtioides Bertero ex Barnéoud in Gay, Fl. Chile 1: 113. 1846. TYPE: Chile, Valparaiso, Berro, 1830, Bertero 174 (holotype, P!; isotypes, G!, P!; fragments, BAA!).

Cardamine laxa var. pumila A. Gray, Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. Wilkes 1: 50. 1854. TYPE: Peru. Culani to Casa Cancha, high Andes, collector? (holotype, GH?, or US?).

Cardamine minima Steudel, Flora 39: 410. 1856; C. flaccida subsp. minima (Steudel) O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 451. 1903; C. bonariensis var. minima (Steudel) J. F. Macbride, Field Mus. Pub. Bot. 13, pt. 2: 962. 1938. TYPE: Peru. San Antonio, Lechler 1811 (holotype, P!).

Cardamine pusilla Philippi, Linnaea 28: 665. 1856; C. alsophila Philippi var. pusilla (Philippi) Reiche, Fl. Chile 1: 99. 1896; C. flaccida subsp. alsophila (Philippi) O. E. Schulz prol. pusilla (Philippi) O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 450. 1903. TYPE: Chile, Mina de plata Las Arañas, Prov. Santiago, Philippi s.n. (holotype, SGO-49308!; ?isotype, B!; fragments, BAA!).

Cardamine ramosissima Steudel, Flora 39: 409. 1856. TYPE: Chile, Rancagua [as Tagua-Tagua in the original description], 1829, Bertero 147 (holotype, P!; isotypes, W!). There are several of Bertero’s collection # 147, and some were collected prior or post 1829, as well as from Rancagua or other localities. However, none of those should be considered as part of the type collection of C. ramosissima.

Cardamine nemophila Philippi, Linnaea 30: 186. 185. 1859-1860. TYPE: Chile, Puerto Montt, Feb 1858, Philippi s.n. (holotype, SGO-49306!).

Cardamine demissa Triana & Planchon, Annal. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 17: 60. 1862. TYPE: Colombia, Tolima, Llanitos du pied de Loma, 1844, J. Goudot s.n. (holotype, P!).

Cardamine axillaris Weddell, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 5, 1: 290. 1864. TYPE: Bolivia, La Paz, Larecaja, vicinity of Sorata, river Challasuyo, 2600-2800 m, 1857-1858, Mandon 904 (holotype, P!; isotypes, BM!, F!, GH!. NY!, W!). A specimen each at G, K, and W were collected at altitudes (3600-3800 m) and a river bank (Lacaita) different from those of the holotype and isotype. Although they carry the exact other information of the type, they are not considered herein as isotypes. How about the specimen at BM?

Cardamine axillaris var. tucumanensis Grisebach, Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 19: 71. 1874; C. flaccida var. tucumanensis (Grisebach) O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 451. 1903. TYPE: Argentina, Tucuman, rivulis pr. Siambon, 25/31 Mar 1872, Lorentz 743 (holotype, GOET, not seen; isotype, CORD!).

Cardamine andicola Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Bot. 2: 1. 1891. TYPE: Chile, Aminchas, between Ascotan and Pica, c. 3000 m, Feb 1885, F. Philippi s.n. (holotype, SGO-49317!; fragments, BAA!). The protologue gives an altitude of 3000 m, but the specimen above says 3800 m. Muñoz-Pizarro (1960) also listed SGO-63913 as type collection, but I have not seen this number.

Cardamine alsophila Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile 81: 73. 1892; C. flaccida subsp. alsophila (Philippi) O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 449. 1903. TYPE: Chile, “In glareosis rivuli de Aculeo,” Dec 1886, Philippi s.n. (holotype, ?SGO-71631!; see Muñoz-Schick, 1973).

Cardamine tridens Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile 81: 74. 1892; C. alsophila Philippi var. tridens (Philippi) Reiche, Fl. Chile 1: 98. 1896. TYPE: Chile, Prov. Aconcagua, Jahuel, pr. San Felipe, Aug. Brochers 2276 (holotype, SGO-71620!; fragments, BAA!). Muñoz-Pizarro (1960) listed two other collections, SGO-63882 and 63910 (fragments, BAA!), that I have not yet seen, but if these do not carry the exact data given in the protologue, then they are not part of the type collection.

Cardamine caespitosa Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile 81: 79. 1892. C. alsophila Philippi var. caespitosa (Philippi) Reiche, Fl. Chile 1: 99. 1896. TYPE: Chile, “Valle de de Santa Gertrudis ad radicem borealem vulcani de Chillan,” Oct 1889, Fridericus Puga s.n. (holotype, SGO-49312!; fragments, BAA!). Muñoz-Pizarro (1960) also listed SGO-63910 as type collection, but I have not seen that.

Cardamine bracteata Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile 81: 85. 1892; C. alsophila Philippi var. bracteata (Philippi) Reiche, Fl. Chile 1: 99. 1896; C. flaccida f. bracteata (Philippi) O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 448. 1903. TYPE: Chile, Andes of Santiago, Philippi s.n. (holotype, SGO-49313!).

Cardamine cymbalaria Chodat & Wilczek, Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2, 2: 189. 1902. TYPE: Argentina, Las Juntas, entrance of Valle de l’Atuel, E. Wilczek 447 (holotype, G!).

Cardamine flaccida prol. depressa O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 448. 1903. TYPE: Chile, Talcahuano, 1828, Pöppig s.n. (holotype, W!).

Cardamine flaccida var. pilosa O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 448. 1903. TYPE: Chile, Juan Fernandez Is., Nov 1864, Philippi s.n. (lectotype, here designated, B!; isolectotypes, SOG!, W!).

Cardamine flaccida var. ebracteata O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 452. 1903. TYPE: Mexico, Sand Andres, 1849, Chrismar s.n. (lectotype, here designated, B).

Cardamine flaccida var. macrantha O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 452. 1903. TYPE: Mexico, San Pedro and S. Pablo, 1839, C. Ehrenberg 215 (holotype, B).

Cardamine killipii O. E. Schulz, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 341. 1928. TYPE. Colombia, Santander, eastern Cordillera, edge of Páramo de las Vegas, 3300-3700 m, 20-21 Dec 1926, E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 15596 (holotype, B!; isotypes, F!, GH!, K!, NY!).

Cardamine flaccida var. ravenii Rollins, Crucif. Continental N. Amer. 273. 1993. TYPE: Mexico, Chiapas, Muncicpio de Tenejapa, Banbil, 9,100 ft, 10 Oct 1965, D. E. Breedlove & P. H. Raven 12909 (holotype, GH!).

Cardamine flaccida var. turfosiorum Rollins, Crucif. Continental N. Amer. 273. 1993. TYPE: Costa Rica, Cartago,: Cordiller de Talamanca, near the Pan American Highway, ca. 2,000 m, 25 Aug 1961, C. Weber 6065 (holotype, GH!).

            Herbs, perennial, usually rooting from lower nodes, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Rhizomes present. Stems (3-)7-35(-50) cm, erect, decumbent, or prostrate, simple or branched above and/or below. Cauline leaves (0.8-)2-8 cm, petiolate, not auriculate, pinnately compound or trifoliolate, rarely simple; petiole (0.5-)1-4(-5.5) cm; terminal leaflet (or leaf blade in simple leaves) 0.5-2.5 cm, orbicular, subreniform, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, base cuneate, obtuse, to cordate, margin entire to repand or coarsely dentate to lobed, apex rounded to acute or subacuminate, petiolule to 2 cm; lateral leaflets 1-3(-4) on each side of rachis, similar to terminal leaflet but smaller and often with shorter petiolules, base cuneate or somewhat oblique, usually absent and leaves simple in submerged plants; uppermost leaves smaller, with fewer leaflets or all simple. Racemes bracteate throughout or at least along proximal half, rarely only lowermost few flowers bracteates, many flowered,; rachis straight or rarely slightly flexuous; fruiting pedicels (0.5-)0.8-2(-2.6) cm, erect to ascending, slender, straight or curved. Sepals 1.4-2 ´ 0.5-0.8 mm, oblong, caducous; petals 2-4.5 ´ 0.7-1.5 mm, white, spatulate, apex obtuse; filaments 1.5-2.5 mm; anthers oblong to ovate, 0.4-0.5 mm; ovules 20-40 per ovary. Fruits (0.7-)1.5-2.2(-3) cm ´ 0.7-1.2(-1.5) mm; style 0.5-1(-1.8) mm. Seeds light brown, oblong, 0.8-1 ´ 0.6-0.8 mm.

Flowering: all year.

Habitat: ponds, streams, seepage areas, bogs, moist slopes, wet bluffs, muddy banks, wet paramo, moist turf, gravel, wet grass fields, swales, marshes, ponds.

Elevation: 0-4500 m

Distribution: Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chubut, Cordoba, Entre Rios, Jujuy, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquén, Salta, Santa Cruz, Tucumán), Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz, Potosí, Santa Cruz, Tarija), Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul), Chile (Región I, IV, V, Santiago, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII, Juan Fernandez Is), Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Caldas, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Nariño, Norte de Santadaer, Putumayo, Quindio, Putomayo, Santador, Tolima, Valle), Costa Rica, Ecuador (Azuay, Bolivar, Cañar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, Imbabura, Loja, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha, Tunguarahua, Zamora-Chinchipe), Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru (Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Cuzco, Huánuco, Junin, La Libertad, Lima, Pasco, Puno), Uruguay (Canelones), Venezuela (Merida).

Notes: Cardamine bonariensis is the most variable Central and South America species of the genus, and it exhibits tremendous altitudinal and latitudinal ranges accompanied by a wide variation of water bodies in which it frequently grows. Perhaps the most variable parts are the leaves and they range from compound and 3-9-foliolate terrestrial forms to those with exclusively simple leaves growing in aquatic or mesic habitats with saturated soils. The leaf and leaflet margin also varies, and in the aquatic forms it is always entire or repand whereas in the terrestrial forms they are dentate or lobed. The bracteate portion of the raceme also varies considerably, and some forms have racemes bracteate throughout while others have only the proximal half is bracteate, and yet in other very rare forms only the lowermost one or two flowers are bracteate. As for fruit length and orientation, it is quite variable, and none of the morphological extremes in leaf morphology show any correlation with fruit orientation and size. The morphological continuity between the various forms often occurs within a given area, and the variation in morphology does not correspond with geography. What is most urgently needed is to conduct extensive experimentation on plants with identical genotypes grown under different ecological conditions.