Published In:
Species Plantarum 2: 785. 1753. (1 May 1753) ( Sp. Pl.)
(Last Modified On 6/2/2011)
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Acceptance
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Accepted
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(Last Modified On 6/3/2011)
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Flower/Fruit:
Fl. Per.: June-September.
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Type:
Type: Europe, probably Sweden, Herb. Linn. 934/94 (LINN!).
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Distribution:
Distribution: Europe and N. Africa to W. China and N.W., India (Kumaun). Introduced into E. Asia, America. Australasia and S. Africa.
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Comment/Acknowledgements:
In wet or dryish, shaded or open grassy places often near streams. or sometimes a weed of cultivation, 1200-3000 m. H. perforatum is a very variable species which reproduces largely apomictically (pseudogamously); but it seems that only a small part of its range of variation is present in the Flora area. It is poisonous to livestock.
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Illustration:
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Map Location:
B-6 Chitral: Kesu, Bowes Lyon 714 (BM; U); Brir, Siddiqi and Rahman 26762 (RAW); Kafiristan, Vill. Brir, Qaiser and Ghafoor 1895 (KUH); Urghosh Dhok, Siddiqi and Rahman 26761 (RAW); Dir: 4 mls. from Dir to Drosh, Qaiser and Ghafoor 1770 (KUH); B-7 Dir; Lowari, Nasir 5108 (RAW); Swat: Kalam, Rahman 129(W), Rechinger 19471 (W), Sadar Uddin 5.ix.66 (KUH); Kalam, Utrore, Nasir. and Siddiqi 1106 (RAW); Khawazakiela to Shangla, Rechinger 30612 (W); Lamond 1691 (KUH) ; Mingora to Khawazakiela, Rechin¬ger 30538 (W); Sho Nala, Rahman 34 (BM); Swat Valley, Weatherhead 52(BM) ; Margazar road, Nasir and Siddiqi 354 (RAW) ; Jhamra, Nasir and Siddiqi 1106A (RAW); Kulalai, Farooqi 87 (KHU); 118 (KUH); Hazara: between Nathia and Durga galis, Jafri and Ali 3191 (K) ; Murree Hills, Gharial, R.R. Stewart 3905 (RAW) ; Murree Hills, Changla Gali, R.R. and I.D. Stewart 4078 (RAW) ; Mohindar Nath 306 (RAW) ; Murree Hills, Patriata, Siddiqi and Nasir 6056 (RAW) ; Murree, Ali 626 (KUH) ; T. Thomson 171 (K) ; Murree Hills, Potha, R.R Stewart 23512 (K); Murree, Kulduna road, near Rosenheim, Rodin 5376 (K); Murree Hills, Upper Topa, Sprague 98 (K); Kaghan Valley, Saiful Maluk Sar, Siddiqi 2861 (RAW); Kaghan Valley, above Shogran, Zaffar Ali and Grohmann 6020 (RAW), Kazmi 3.vii.52 (KUH); Kaghan Valley, between Balakot and Babusar Pass, Abel 26 (BM) ; Kagan, Bhonjan, Duthie 3-5.vii.99 (K); Mokshpuri, Siddiqi and Nasir 5978 (RAW); 1.5 mIs. from Garhi Habibullah to Balakot, Farooqi and Qaiser 3185 (KUH) ; between Naran and Saifulmaluk Kazmi 2293 (KUH) ; Nathia Gali, Qaiser and Ghafoor 2032 (KUH) ; 9 mls. from Nathiagali to Abbottabad, Farooqi and Qaiser 3453 (KUH) ; way to Nathia Gali, Qureshi 231 (KUH) ; Nathia Gali, Ali 7 (KUH) ; Mansehra, Duthie 7441 (BM) ; Hazara, Falconer 325/H (K) ; Mahandri, Schmid 199 (BM). B-8 Gilgit: Buni (Bunji?), Giles 392(K); Kashmir: Gurais, R.R. and I.D. Stewart 4304 (RAW); Astor Valley, above Rattu, R.R. and I. D. Stewart 18784 (RAW) ; Manasbal, Ludlow and Sherriff 8120 (BM) ; Mari, young 9.viii.80. (BM) ; Dorikonn Pass to Gures, Schlagintweit (BM) ; Bandipore, Clarke 29156 (BM) ; Tangmarg, Polunin 56/361 (BM) ; Sind Valley, Pinfold 142 (BM) ; Balti, Schlich 50 (BM); Dachehigam, Mukerji 41 (K : road to Gulmarg, Fuller 83 (K) ; Sriniggur, Clarke 29088 (K) ; Kishengunga tributary, J.L. Stewart (K) ; C-6 Kurram : Kurram Valley, Khawn's Khilli, Harsukh in Duthie 15288 (RAW) ; Kurram Valley, Shaliman and Shend Toi, Aitchison 627 (BM,K) ; Kurram Valley. Shend Toi, Aitchison 613 (K) ; Parachinar, Barbour vii..22 ; C-8 Kashmir: Lidar Valley, Ludlow 81 (BM) ; Lidarwat. Anon. xi.13 (BM) ; Kunstwan, Clarke 29412 (K); Wardwan, J.L. Stewart pre 1872 (K).
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Perennial herb. Stems 10-110 cm long, erect, or sometimes rooting at the base, 2-lined, smooth, with branches ascending. Leaves sessile or subsessile, 5-35 mm long, 2-14 mm broad, narrowly ovate to elliptic-oblong or linear or sometimes oblanceolate, apex obtuse or mucronate to rounded, base cuneate to rounded, entire with intramarginal and often a few laminar black glands. Inflorescence a (1-)5-many-flowered, subcorymbose or broadly pyramidal cyme with ultimately monochasial branches; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter. Sepals 3-6 mm long, lanceolate to oblong or elliptic, acute to acuminate or shortly aristate, free, entire.. Petals + narrowly oblanceolate, 8-15 mm long, with marginal black dots and sometimes (not in Pakistan) laminar black lines. Stamens in `3' fascicles (2+2+1). Ovary 3-locular, 2-3.5 mm long; styles c. 2 x longer than the ovary, free, divergent, incurved near apex. Capsule (4-)5-9 mm long, ovoid to pyramidal, each valve with dorsal vittae and lateral vescicles, Seeds 1.0-1.2 mm long, shortly apiculate, not carinate; testa reti¬culate-pitted.
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