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(Last Modified On 10/17/2013)
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(Last Modified On 10/17/2013)
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Genus
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Tovomitopsis P1. & Tr.
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PlaceOfPublication
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Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser. 4. 14: 261. 1860.
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Note
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TYPE: T. paniculata (Camb.) P1. & Tr.
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Synonym
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Bertolonia Spreng., Neue Entdeck. 2: 110. 1820, non Spin (1809) nom. rejic., nec Raddi (1820) nom. cons. Chrysochlamys Poepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 13, t. 211. TYPE: C. multiflora Poepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 13, t. 211. 3Tovomitopsis multiflora (Poepp. & Endl.) D'Arcy, comb. nov.
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Description
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Dioecious or perfect trees or shrubs, stems terete or angled, trunks sometimes buttressed, sap often milky white or yellow. Leaves at first opposite, later often alternate, simple, entire, the margin usually narrowly differentiated and minutely revolute; costa prominent, mostly elevated beneath, lateral veins several-many, straight or arcuate, sometimes forming a partial submarginal vein, mostly with intermediate veins and secondary lateral veins, glabrate, the costa and major veins sometimes minutely puberulent, secretory canals often forming linear streaks on the leaf undersides; petioles mostly slightly canaliculate; stipules want- ing; axillary buds not prominent. Inflorescences mostly terminal, sometimes be- coming axillary or lateral on the stem, occasionally terminal on short shoots, erect or lax cymose panicles, rarely reduced to 1-3 flowers, the axis mostly unbranched, the nodes branching dichotomously, ternately or in verticels, sub- tended by foliaceous or reduced scalelike bracts, the pedicels bracteolate, the bracteoles mostly paired, small. Flowers monoecious or perfect, the buds mostly globose, the outer perianth imbricate, shorter than the bud or overtopping it, sepals mostly 4-6, rotund, the innermost overtopping the bud, often coriaceous, streaked with canals; petals 4-6, imbricate, mostly overtopping the bud, rotund, often fleshy, streaked with canals; stamens numerous, 25-200, some reduced, fewer or reduced in pistillate flowers, the filaments free or the innermost fused and their anthers reduced or abortive, sometimes crumpled in bud, the anthers 2-lobed, 4-locular, minute, bordering the apex of the filament (connective); ovary ovate, glabrous, surmounted by mostly sessile, discoid styles, reduced or obsolete in staminate flowers. Fruit a leathery or fleshy drupaceous capsule splitting from the apex into (4-)5(-6) valves; seeds 1-5, oblong or faboid, basally fixed, envel- oped at least in part by a loose, fleshy aril or arilloid.
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Habit
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trees or shrubs
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Note
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Tovomitopsis is a genus of several dozen species of tropical America. It may be confused with Tovomita or Dystovomita, but it differs from the first of these in having the perianth completely free and mostly imbricate, and from the second in having the ovules basifixed and ascending instead of pendulous. For routine recognition, Dystovomita differs from Tovomitopsis in having the inflorescence cauliflorous on mature wood and in sometimes having part of the perianth basally connate. Chrysochlamys has traditionally been separated from Tovomitopsis on the number of perianth parts and on the androecium of a few species. In Chryso- chlamys the perianth consists of 5 sepals and 5 petals, but this is also the case in a number of species of Tovomitopsis. It is not always clear which members are sepals and which are petals. The androecium of Tovomitopsis paniculata, the type of Chrysochlamys, and of the closely-related C. pavonii, C. laxa, and C. dependens, have the stamens united into a column while other species which have been traditionally placed in Chrysochlamys have androecia as in Tovomi- topsis. Vasconcellos et al. (1972) reported that pollen in C. dependens is porate, but they did not report on any species then considered to belong to Tovomitopsis. The pollen of Tovomita brasiliensis they found to be colporate. Species of Tovomitopsis occurring in Panama are often difficult to separate, and obvious differences are not always easy to relate in words or in a key. At the same time, in a number of cases, although the number of collections is large, those with good flowers, buds or mature fruits are few, and it has not been possible to make satisfactory comparison with species of South America.
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Key
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a. Leaves basally truncate, subsessile; flower buds becoming 5-6 mm long and conspicuously striate ...... 4. T. croatii aa. Leaves basally narrowed, obtuse or acute, petiolate; flower buds not evidently striate or, if so, then less than 4 mm long. b. Leaves narrow, lanceolate or elliptical, more than 4 times longer than broad. c. Flower buds more than 5 mm long. d. Leaves lanceolate, mostly less than 1.5 cm wide; flower buds reddish ...... 2. T. angustifolia dd. Leaves broader, mostly more than 1.5 cm wide; flower buds drying brown, tan or white, occasionally pinkish or streaked. e. Leaves coriaceous, drying noticeably revolute (more than 2 mm of leaf margin curved). f. Leaves drying with conspicuous, numerous canals beneath; outer sepals as long as the bud; inflorescence glabrous ...... 9. T. membrillensis ff. Leaves drying without conspicuous canals; outer sepals only 1/4 as long as the bud; inflorescence minutely puberulent ...... 3. T. centistaminibus ee. Leaves membranous or chartaceous, hardly revolute (less than 0.5 mm of leaf margin curved). g. Leaves with 16-20 veins on each side, prominent beneath ...... 7. T. m em branacea gg. Leaves with fewer than 12 veins on each side, mostly obscure ...... 6. T. glauca cc. Flower buds less than 5 mm long. h. Leaves with 5-11 veins on each side, sometimes glaucous beneath; buds evidently streaked ...... 6. T. glauca hh. Leaves with ca. 16 veins on each side, not glaucous; buds not evidently streaked ...... 10. T. micrantha bb. Leaves broader, mostly less than 4 times longer than wide. i. Flowers solitary (?or in reduced inflorescences); pedicels (in young fruit) 4 mm long, slender; leaves mostly less than 6 cm long, the veins close, 5-7 per cm ...... 8. T. membranifolia ii. Flowers in many-flowered inflorescences; pedicels mostly more than 4 mm long, often stout; leaves mostly more than 6 cm long, the veins more widely spaced. j. Corolla with streaks visible with the naked eye; stamens fewer than 40. k. Outer sepals almost as long as the flower bud; inflorescence minutely puberulent ...... 5. T. faucis kk. Outer sepals less than half as long as the flower bud; inflorescence glabrous ...... 6. T. glauca jj. Corolla streaks not visible with the naked eye; stamens various in number. 1. Stamens more than 50. m. Leaves with fewer than 11 veins on each side. n. Upland species (over 1,500 m); flower buds 3-4 mm long; inflorescence branches drying wrinkled and appearing pulverulent ...... 1. T. allenii nn. Lowlands species (below 1,000 m); flower buds 6-7 mm long; inflorescence branches drying smooth ...... 11. T. myrcioides mm. Leaves with fewer than 11 veins on each side. o. Leaves coriaceous, less than 4.5 cm wide; fruiting pedicels slender, 9 mm long ...... 3. T. centistaminibus oo. Leaves chartaceous, more than 4.5 cm wide; fruiting pedicels stout, 5-7 mm long ...... 13. T. standleyana 11. Stamens fewer than 50. p. Inflorescence minutely puberulent. q. Outer sepals almost as long as the flower bud ...... 5. T. faucis qq. Outer sepals less than ?2 as long as the flower bud. r. Leaves membranaceous or chartaceous, mostly drying green (grayish) beneath; sepals drying whitish or pinkish; inflorescence glabrate ...... 6. T. glauca rr. Leaves coriaceous, mostly drying brown beneath; sepals drying brown; inflorescence minutely puberulent ...... 12. T. nicaraguensis pp. Inflorescence glabrous. s. Leaves narrowly ovate or elliptical with fewer than 12 veins on each side, coriaceous, more than 9 cm long ...... 9. T. membrillensis ss. Leaves elliptical or ovate with more than 12 veins on each side, chartaceous, less than 6 cm long ...... 7. T. membranacea
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