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(Last Modified On 10/3/2013)
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(Last Modified On 10/3/2013)
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Genus
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Banisteriopsis, C. B. Robinson
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PlaceOfPublication
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N. Amer. Fl. 25: 131. 1910.
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Note
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TYPE: B. cornifolia (H.B.K.) C. B. Rob. (see Cuatrecasas, 1958, p. 487). Banisteria sensu auct. non L., H.B.K.
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Description
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Lianas. Leaves opposite, (rarely ternate elsewhere), simple, entire, petiolate, coriaceous to membranaceous, commonly glandular along the margin or at the base; stipules interpetiolar, minute, caducous. Inflorescences of umbels, corymbs or rarely racemes arranged in bracteate or leafy, axillary or terminal panicles. Flowers pink, yellow or white; sepals 5, usually ovate, the petals 5, clawed, glabrous or sericeous outside, the limb orbicular or obovate, entire or fimbriate, frequently unequal, the anterior petal being more deeply fimbriate or of different size; stamens 10, frequently unequal, the 3 posterior stamens and the 2 epipetal- ous (lateral) stamens reduced in size, the anterior stamen sometimes much en- larged, the filaments frequently united at the base, the anthers glabrous or pilose (not Panama), the connective thick, glandular; styles generally equal, truncate or capitate, uniformly stigmatic, the ovary trilobate, gibbose, hirsute. Fruit a schi- zocarp of 3 samaras, these with a single dorsal wing, with a thickened ventral margin and a thin dorsal margin, lateral wings absent or poorly developed, the body smooth or with minute wings, tubercles or transverse ridges; embryo curved.
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Habit
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Lianas
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Note
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Banisteriopsis is a neotropical genus with about 90 species, mostly lianas, more or less frequent in rain forest, subandean forest and savannas, usually below 1,000 m elevation. Some species, e.g. B. caapi (Spruce) Morton, B. rusbiana Ndzu. are well known as popular among natives because of their strong hallu- cinogenous effects. Banisteriopsis caapi especially is cultivated to a limited ex- tent by Indians in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru and also by other people who occasionally have spread its cultivation outside of its original area. No spec- imens, spontaneous or planted of this species have been found in Panama. Much confusion has surrounded the nomenclature of plants now called Ban- isteriopsis. Linnaeus, in describing Banisteria in the first edition of Species Plan- tarum (1753), included 7 species which are now in 3 genera. Heteropteris was segregated by Kunth in H.B.K. (1822), Stigmaphyllon by Jussieu in 1833, and Banisteriopsis was later applied to the remaining species in the North American Flora by Small (1910), who based part of his work on an unpublished manuscript by C. B Robinson. The latter name corresonds to the genus Banisteria in the sense of Jussieu, De Candolle, Grisebach, Hooker f., and the monographer Nie- denzu who had used the name improperly. The conservation of Heteropteris against Banisteria eliminated this name from legal use and with it the existing confusion.
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Elevation
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usually below 1,000 m
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Key
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a. Leaves abaxially densely silvery sericeous with appressed or subappressed, straight, fine trichomes; petals pink ...... 3. B. muricata aa. Leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent; petals yellow. b. Pedicels and sepals glabrous, or exceptionally with few trichomes at the apex of pedicel and base of sepals ...... 2. B. martiniana bb. Pedicels and sepals moderately to densely strigose. c. Samara body with a single short lateral wing on each side; petals glabrous; leaf blades sparsely appressed-pubescent throughout on lower surface at maturity ...... 1. B. cornifolia cc. Samara body with 5-8 conspicuous ridges or wings on each side; petals strigose on the outer surface; leaf blades essentially glabrous on lower surface at maturity ...... 4. B. panamensis
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