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(Last Modified On 6/5/2013)
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(Last Modified On 6/5/2013)
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Genus
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KOANOPHYLLON
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Description
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Shrubs or small trees with few to many branches, the branches sometimes long and arching. Leaves opposite with short distinct petioles; blades broadly
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Habit
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Shrubs or small trees
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Description
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lanceolate to elliptical (pinnately lobed in one species), the base acute to truncate or cordate, the lower surface with few to many glands, without lacticifers in areoles. Inflorescence a lax corymbose or pyramidal panicle, the branches corymbose to spicate. Heads discoid with 6 to ca. 20 florets; involucral bracts 7-16, eximbricate to subimbricate, unequal to subequal, spreading at maturity, the innermost bracts sometimes deciduous; receptacle glabrous, flat to slightly convex; corolla tubular, the lobes short-triangular with inner and outer surfaces smooth, numerous capitate glands on outer surface, the cells of the corolla mostly narrow with sinuous walls; anther collar elongate, usually with numerous quadrate cells below, the cell walls usually inornate (one species with annular thickenings), the exothecial cells subquadrate to wider than long, the anther appendage usually wider than long, sometimes very short, the apical margin slightly to strongly recurved, the inner surface often with a median longitudinal groove; style base not enlarged, glabrous, the style appendage distinctly enlarged apically, smooth at tip, without glands. Achenes prismatic with 5 ribs and with bristles, glands few or none; carpopodium short and distinct, usually narrowed below, the cells small and subquadrate in many series, the cell walls slightly thickened; pappus with long or short bristles or lacking, the bristles 15-40, scabrous, persistent, the apical cells acute. Pollen of Panamanian species all with extremely short spines.
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Distribution
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The genus Koanophyllon contains 107 species and ranges from Paraguay and Brazil northward along the Andes, reaching the West Indies, Central America, Mexico, and the southwestern United States, with one species in Florida.
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Note
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Two species are sources of bluish or greenish dyes. Grashoff & Beaman (1970) have noted the elongate many-headed inflores- cences, the reduced anther appendages, the less spinose pollen, and the probability of wind pollination in various species of the Eupatorieae that are now placed in the genera Koanophyllon, Decachaeta, Neohintonia and Critonia. Four species of Koanophyllon are found in Panama and two of these are endemic.
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Reference
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Grashoff, J. L. & J. H. Beaman. 1970. Studies in Eupatorium (Compositae), III. Apparent wind pollination. Brittonia 22: 77-84. King, R. M. & H. Robinson. 1971. Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). LXIV. The genus, Koanophyllon. Phytologia 22: 147-152. King & Robinson. 1972. Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). LXXII. Notes on the genus Koanophyllon. Phytologia 23: 395-396. Robinson, B. L. 1926. Eupatorium L. Sp. P1. 836. 1753. In P. C. Standley, Trees and Shrubs of Mexico. Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 23: 1432-1469.
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Key
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a. Leaf blades prominently trinervate with truncate or cordate bases; inflorescence with compact cylindrical branches ...... 3. K. solidaginoides aa. Leaf blades totally p-innately veined with narrowly cuneate bases; inflorescence with broadly paniculate branches. b. Lower leaf surface with 50 or more glandular punctations per mm2; younger stems and petioles minutely puberulous; pappus bristles narrower at the tips ...... 4. K. wetmorei bb. Lower leaf surface with 5-10 glandular punctations per mm2; younger stems and petioles coarsely hirsute; pappus bristles often as broad near the tips as at the base. c. Heads 4-5 mm high with 8-10 florets; involucral bracts very broad, rounded to obtuse ...... 1. K. dukei cc. Heads 5-6 mm high with 12-30 florets; involucral bracts narrowly ovate to lanceolate, sharply acute ...... 2. K. panamense
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