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1
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Flowers carmine to red, sometimes with white markings on lower tepals
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(2)
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+
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Flowers white or pale to deep pink or mauve, with various markings on lower tepals
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(6)
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2 (1)
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Flowers pure red, tulip-shaped; tepals broadly obovate, 27–30 mm long; filaments ± 20 mm long
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Gladiolus insolens
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+
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Flowers with white markings on lower tepals, funnel-shaped; tepals lanceolate to elliptic, 35–67 mm long; filaments 21–50 mm long
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(3)
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3 (2)
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Leaves of flowering stem with blades reduced or vestigial
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(4)
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+
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Leaves on flowering stem with well-developed blades
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(5)
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4 (3)
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Flowers large, dorsal tepal 53–58 mm long and perianth tube 35–45 mm long; filaments 30–42 mm long, exserted 20–32 mm from tube; lower 3 tepals smaller than dorsal; anthers purplish or yellow with purple lines
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Gladiolus stefaniae
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+
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Flowers medium-sized, dorsal tepal 35–45 mm long and perianth tube 30–35 mm long; filaments 21–26 mm long, exserted 10–15 mm from tube; lower 3 tepals scarcely smaller than dorsal; anthers yellow
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Gladiolus carmineus
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5 (3)
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Stems erect or inclined; corm vestigial, producing scaly stolons; plants of Outeniqua and Tsitsikamma Mtns, flowering mainly February to April
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Gladiolus sempervirens
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+
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Stems inclined to drooping; corm small but well-formed, without stolons; plants from Hex River to Franschhoek Mtns, flowering December to January
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Gladiolus cardinalis
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6 (1)
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Leaves somewhat succulent, without evident veins and margins unthickened; flowers blue-mauve, tepals subequal, lower marked with white streaks edged in red; strand plants growing down to the high-tide mark
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Gladiolus gueinzii
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+
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Leaves not succulent, secondary veins usually evident and margins usually prominent; flowers white to pink or salmon-pink, lower tepals often smaller, variously marked
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(7)
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7 (6)
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Leaves in a tight basal fan; blades firm-textured with strongly thickened margins and midrib; corm tunics coarsely fibrous, accumulating in a densely mass and forming a neck around base of stem
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(8)
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+
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Leaves in a loose fan or superposed; blades soft-textured with often lightly thickened margins and midrib; corm tunics papery to medium-textured fibres, not accumulating in a densely mass and forming a neck around base of stem
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(11)
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8 (7)
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Perianth tube 18–21 mm long; filaments 12–14 mm long; lower lateral tepals with pale yellow, spear-shaped marks outlined with purple; base of leaves heavily marked with raised white speckles
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Gladiolus rudis
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+
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Perianth tube 22–55 mm long; filaments 14–37 mm long; lower lateral tepals with dark median streak; base of leaves lightly marked but not textured with white or green speckles
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(9)
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9 (8)
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Perianth tube 22–35(–55) mm long; lower tepals 3/4 to ± as long as dorsal
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Gladiolus grandiflorus
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+
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Perianth tube 40–70 mm long, if less than 50 mm long then lower tepals 1/2 to 3/4 as long as dorsal:
Perianth tube 40–70 mm long, if les than 50 mm long then lower tepals 1/2 to 3/4 as long as dorsal
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(10)
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10 (9)
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Flowers white to creamy yellow or greenish; perianth tube slender in lower 20–55 mm and flaring above; filaments 20–23 mm long
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Gladiolus floribundus
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+
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Flowers salmon to orange-red; perianth tube slender in lower 20–35 mm and cylindric above; filaments 35–37 mm long
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Gladiolus miniatus
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11 (7)
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Corms scarcely developed, tunics not accumulating; plants with inclined to drooping stems, growing on wet rocks
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(12)
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+
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Corms well developed, tunics accumulating or not; plants with erect to inclined stems, not growing on wet rocks
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(13)
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12 (11)
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Spike usually 15–20-flowered; flowers ivory to greenish cream, lower tepals less than half as long as dorsal; perianth tube 45–50 mm long, completely enclosed within the bracts; plants from Cederberg
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Gladiolus buckerveldii
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+
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Spike usually less than 15-flowered; flowers pale mauve-pink, lower tepals 2/3 to nearly as long as dorsal; perianth tube 25–40 mm long, exceeding the bracts; plants from Swartberg
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Gladiolus aquamontanus
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13 (11)
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Perianth tube longer than dorsal tepal, (30–)40–100 mm long
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(14)
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+
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Perianth tube shorter than to as long as dorsal tepal, (15–)20–50 mm long
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(17)
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14 (13)
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Tepals attenuate and strongly undulate; lower tepals slightly shorter than upper
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Gladiolus undulatus
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+
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Tepals obtuse to acute, not attenuate, weakly undulalte; lower tepals usually about 2/3 as long as upper
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(15)
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15 (14)
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Leaves 4 or 5; flowers cream to yellowish with prominent red, spear-shaped marks on lower tepals; flowering October to November; plants from West Coast and near interior
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Gladiolus angustus
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+
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Leaves 3 to 7; flowers salmon-pink with red linear marks on lower tepals; flowering February to April; plants from southern coast and interior
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(16)
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16 (15)
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Leaves 6 or 7, with blades 1.5–6.5 mm wide; perianth tube 30–55 mm long; flowering February; plants from Little Karoo mountains
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Gladiolus dolichosiphon
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+
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Leaves 3, with blades 6–8 mm wide; perianth tube 50–70 mm long; flowering March to April; plants from southern foothills of Langeberg
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Gladiolus bilineatus
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17 (13)
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Flowers large, dorsal tepal 40–55 mm long; plants from Plettenberg Bay to Uniondale
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Gladiolus geardii
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+
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Flowers smaller, dorsal tepal 18–40(–50) mm long; plants from west of Knysna
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(18)
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18 (17)
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Leaf blades with two prominently thickened veins on some or all leaves, 1–6 mm wide; tunics finely fibrous
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(19)
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+
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Leaf blades with only midrib prominently thickened, sometimes additional pairs of veins also evident, 1.6–20 mm wide; tunics usually accumulating, fibrous or firm-papery
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(20)
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19 (18)
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Flowers 33–46 mm long; leaves 2– 6 mm wide; bracts mostly 13–20 mm long; lower tepals with white to yellow, spear-shaped marking outlined with red
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Gladiolus oreocharis
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+
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Flowers 48–60 mm long; leaves 1–3 mm wide; bracts mostly 25–33 mm long; lower tepals with red chevron-shaped marking in middle and red-spotted toward base and in throat
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Gladiolus crispulatus
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20 (18)
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Floral bracts 13–16 mm long; perianth tube 18–20 mm long; lower tepals narrowed below into claws
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Gladiolus phoenix
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+
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Floral bracts 25–65 mm long; perianth tube (15–)25–45 mm long; lower tepals not narrowed below into claws
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(21)
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21 (20)
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Leaves (2–)6–19 mm wide; flowers usually at least 5 per spike; corm tunics fibrous to firm-papery, usually accumulating
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Gladiolus carneus
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+
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Leaves 1.5–3 mm wide; flowers 1 or 2(3) per spike; corm tunics membranous, not accumulating
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Gladiolus pappei
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