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(Last Modified On 5/10/2013)
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(Last Modified On 5/10/2013)
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Species
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Verbena litoralis B.H.K.
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PlaceOfPublication
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Nov. Gen. Sp. P1., ed. folio. 2: 223, pl. 137. 1817. -FIG. 1.
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Synonym
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Verbena lanceolata Willd. ex Spreng. in L., Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 2: 748. 1825. Verbena affinis Mart. & Gal., Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 11(2): 322. 1844. Verbena bonariensis p littoralis Hook. ex C. Mull. in Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 20. 1845. Verbena littoralis var. glabrior Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulphur 153. 1846. Verbena littoralis p leptostyachya Schau. in A. DC., Prodr. 11: 542. 1847. Verbena nudiflora Nutt. ex Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36(2): 195. 1863. Verbena hansenii Greene, Pittonia 3: 308. 1898. Verbena parviflora Larrafi., Escritos D. A. Larrafi. 2: 9. 1923.
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Description
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Quick-growing erect or suberect perennial herbs, 0.2-2 m high, sometimes large and robust, woody-based, fastigiately few- to many-branched above, glabrous and shiny or sparingly strigillose; stems to 12 mm thick, tetragonal or subtetragonal in cross-section, the internodes deeply sulcate above the insertion of the leaves and faintly many-sulcate between, scabridulous on the angles when young, green, slightly contracted at the nodes. Leaves with the blades lanceolate to oblong or oblanceolate, 3-10 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide, acute apically, tapering into a short petiole basally or sessile to subsessile, acuminate and somewhat clasping basally, scabridulous throughout or scabrous and somewhat rugose only above, the upper 2/3 more or less sharply and coarsely serrate with commonly 3-5 some- what mucronate teeth per side, sparsely strigillose ,on both surfaces, the venation impressed above and prominent beneath. Inflorescences terminal spikes, several to many, pedunculate, cymose or corymbose-paniculate, slender or filiform, pilo- sulous, at first congested and about 4 mm in diameter, dense or interrupted, later loosely flowered and elongate, in fruit becoming 2-8 cm long, the fruits usually not contiguous; bractlets ovate-lanceolate, marcescent, rigid, acuminate or sub- ulate, 1-3 mm long, usually subequaling or somewhat shorter than the calyx, abruptly upcurved, glabrate. Flowers with the calyx often purple, 2-2.5 mm long, pubescent or finely strigillose, the rim subtruncate, the 5 teeth equal, minute, subulate; corolla ca. 3 mm long, various shades of blue, violet, or purple, puberu- lent, the tube greenish toward the base, variable in length, always somewhat longer than the calyx, the limb inconspicuous, 2.5-3 mm wide, puberulent on the inner surface, the lobes subequal, obtuse, glabrous; anthers greenish-yellow; ovary almost 1 mm long, green, glabrous, the style ca. 1 mm long. Fruits with the nutlets trigonous, dark-stramineous, linear-oblong, 1-1.9 mm long, glabrous, striate, some- what reticulate, the commissural face about as long as the nutlet, muricate- scabrous.
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Habit
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herbs
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Distribution
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A widely distributed and extremely polymorphic subtropical and tropical weed, ranging from the southern United States throughout Central and South America; introduced in Oregon, California, South Africa, Hawaii, Australia, and parts of Oceania.
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Specimen
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CHIRIQUI: Grassland and wayside weed, Alto Lino, vicinity of Boquete, 960 m, Bro. Mau- rice 687 (US). Wet roadside in sun, Bambito, I mi. SW of Cerro Punta, 5,600 ft. Tyson 5627 (MO). Common, 5600 ft. Tyson 5675 (MO). In second growth, cultivated areas, and road- sides, from Boquete to 3 mi. N. 33,00-4200 ft. Lew~is et al. 339 (MO, US). Fields along Rio Caldera above Boquete, 1300-1350 m, Killip 3510 (US). Vicinity of Casita Alta, Volcan de Chiriqui, ca. 1500 to 200( m, Woodson et al. 858 (MO, NY). Dense woodland in cloud forest, Cerro Horqueta, Boquete, 5000-6000 ft, Dwyer & Hayden 7738 (MO). Along stream near trail N of Cerro Punta, Croat 10444 (NY). In grassy swales, vicinity of Cerro Punta, 1500-2000 m, Seibert 251 (NY). Hillside, vicinity of Monte Lirio, valley of upper Rio Chiriqui Viejo, 1300- 1900 m, Seibert 169 (MO, NY). Vicinity of "New Switzerland," central valley of Rio Chiriqui Viejo, 1800-2000 m, Allen 1412 (MO, NY). Valley of Rio Chiriqui Viejo N of Volcan City, 5000-5600 ft, Duke 9072 (MO). PANAMA: Cerro Jefe, Tyson et al. 4300 (MO). Cerro Punta, ca. 7000 ft, Blum et al. 2409 (MO).
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