丛藓科  cong-xian ke

by Li Xing-jiang, Si He, and Zen Iwatsuki

 

Plants small to medium-sized, or rather large, often turf-forming or in loosely caespitose patches, dull greenish above, brownish below. Stems erect, short to elongate, simple or irregularly to compositely branching; central strand mostly developed, sometimes absent. Leaves in several rows, usually contorted, or appressed when dry, erect-spreading or squarrose-recurved when wet, often narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, or ovoid, triangular to elliptic or ligulate; apices usually gradually acuminate or abruptly acute, occasionally obtuse or rounded; bases usually narrowly ovate to oblong, sometimes sheathing; margins entire, sometimes dentate above, seldom bordered by thick-walled or elongate cells, often unistratose, sometimes multistratose, commonly recurved or incurved below, sometimes plane; costa single, well developed, percurrent to shortly excurrent or awned, occasionally ending a few cells below the apex, in cross section usually with 1 or 2 stereid bands; upper leaf cells generally small, subquadrate, quadrate or hexagonal, rarely short-rectangular, usually firm-walled or incrassate, mostly papillose or at least bulging, rarely smooth; lower cells mostly smooth, rectangular, generally thin-walled, pellucid, not differentiated at the alar regions. Brood bodies rather common. Dioicous or autoicous. Perichaetial leaves often sheathing at base. Setae generally terminal, elongate, erect, but often twisted; capsules usually erect, symmetric, ovoid to cylindric, mostly stegocarpous, rarely cleistocarpous and spherical; exothecial cells smooth; neck usually absent; opercula mostly short-conic to long-rostrate; annuli mostly in 1–2 rows of inflated cells, sometimes absent, occasionally revoluble or deciduous; peristome single, consisting of 16, erect, oblique or often spirally (clockwise) twisted teeth, occasionally absent or rudimentary, teeth entire, linear-lanceolate or deeply split into 2 filiform, striate or papillose divisions; basal membrane usually low or absent, sometimes high, trabeculate. Calyptrae smooth, usually cucullate, seldom mitrate. Spores spherical, small, usually densely papillose.

1. Leaves usually lanceolate; margins plane to involute; costa shortly excurrent, usually with 2 stereid bands 2

1. Leaves lanceolate to ligulate or spathulate; margins plane to recurved; costa ending below the apex or long excurrent, with dorsal stereid band or 2 stereid bands........................................................................................ 7

2. Upper lamina bistratose medially, the cells not vertically aligned near the costa but grading to vertically evenly stacked toward the leaf margins..................................................................................... 30. Timmiella

2. Upper lamina nearly always unistratose, if bistratose (rarely) then the upper cells vertically situated directly over the lower cells throughout........................................................................................................ 3

3. Leaves long linear-lanceolate, strongly sheathing at the base; margins plane; ventral stereid band larger than the dorsal band............................................................................................................... 24. Pseudosymblepharis

3. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, not sheathing at the base; margins plane, erect, or weakly to strongly incurved or recurved; ventral stereid band smaller than the dorsal or absent.................... 4

4. Leaf margins distinctly involute even when moist....................................................................... 36. Weissia

4. Leaf margins plane or erect, or somewhat incurved near the apex when dry............................................... 5

5. Basal leaf cells, if differentiated, not forming a V-shaped region across the base; peristome teeth short, erect, often bifid........................................................................................................................ 33. Trichostomum

5. Basal leaf cells forming a V-shaped region with hyaline cells extending upward along the leaf margins; peristome teeth long, twisted................................................................................................................................ 6

6. Leaf margins coarsely dentate, upper marginal cells rectangular and clearly longer than median cells; perichaetia lateral on main axis or at ends of short lateral branches................................ 22. Pleurochaete

6. Leaf margins entire, upper marginal cells not longer than median cells; perichaetia terminal on main axis...............................................................................................................................................................................

7. Leaves bearing lamellae or filaments on the upper dorsal surface of the costa................................................ 8

7. Leaves without lamellae or filaments on the costa............................................................................................ 10

8. Stem central strand absent; leaves fleshy; margins inflexed; costa percurrent or shortly excurrent, ending in a reddish awn....................................................................................................................... 1. Aloina

8. Stem central strand present; leaves thin; margins plane or recurved; costa long-excurrent as a hyaline awn.......................................................................................................................................................................... 9

9. Leaf margins revolute; costa bearing branched filaments............................................................. 7. Crossidium

9. Leaf margins plane; costa bearing 2–3 longitudinally inserted lamellae........................... 25. Pterygoneurum

10. Leaves usually lingulate to spathulate or broadly ovate-lanceolate; costa with dorsal stereid band only; upper leaf cells mostly larger, lax............................................................................................................... 11

10. Leaves usually lanceolate to lingulate; costa with two stereid bands; upper leaf cells mostly small.... 22

11. Leaves mostly spathulate or narrowly lingulate; basal leaf cells mostly short-rectangular; upper leaf cells ventrally mammillose-bulging, dorsally weakly convex................................................................................. 12

11. Leaves often broadly ovate-lanceolate or narrowly spathulate; basal leaf cells usually broadly long-rectangular; upper leaf cells convex on both surfaces, smooth or papillose................................................. 14

12. Peristome absent; leaf cells smooth, or only somewhat bulging.................................... 27. Scopelophila

12. Peristome present; mammillose-bulging.................................................................................................. 13

13. Costa dorsal epidermis present; leaves linear-lingulate, with the V-shaped area of inflated hyaline cells at the base; peristome teeth 16, widely spaced............................................................................... 35. Weisiopsis

13. Costa dorsal epidermis absent; leaves narrowly spathulate, without the distinct V-shaped area at the base; peristome teeth 32, closely set.................................................................................................... 19. Luisierella

14. Plants minute, usually 1.5–3.0(–5.0) mm tall; peristome absent or rudimentary................................. 15

14.  Plants usually more than 5.0 mm tall; peristome present, filaments...................................................... 18

15. Leaves acute to acuminate, mostly piliferous; capsules immersed, spherical, inoperculate..... 21. Phascum

15. Leaves apiculate to short-awned, or rounded at the apex; capsules long-exserted, cylindrical, setae elongated, operculate......................................................................................................................................... 16

16. Leaf apices rounded or rounded obtuse; costa ending just above the leaf-middle............. 11. Gymnostomiella

16.  Leaf apices apiculate to short-awned; costa excurrent............................................................................ 17

17. Plants bud-like, silver-green; upper leaf cells rhombic, smooth; peristome rudimentary......... 28. Stegonia

17. Plants not bud-like, green; upper leaf cells quadrate or hexagonal, pluripapillose, rarely smooth; peristome absent.................................................................................................................................... 23. Pottia

18. Leaf cells smooth, basal cells weakly differentiated from the median-cells........................................ 19

18.  Leaf cells papillose, basal cells distinctly differentiated from the median-cells................................. 20

 19. Leaf margins plane or only weakly recurved near the base; costa percurrent................................... 6. Chenia

19. Leaf margins strongly revolute; costa excurrent, ending in a hyaline awn.................................. 14. Hilpertia

20. Leaves not crisped or not distinctly contorted when dry; leaf cells laxer, pellucid; peristome teeth nearly erect and free............................................................................................................. 8. Desmatodon

20.  Leaves usually contorted when dry; leaf cells firm, less pellucid; peristome teeth wound in spiral... 21

21. Plants usually larger, to 12 cm tall; leaf cells broader; costa often long-excurrent, ending in a long-hyaline awn, costa dorsal epidermis absent; peristome with a high basal membrane............... 29. Syntrichia

21. Plants usually smaller, to 2 cm high; leaf cells narrower; costa shortly excurrent, rarely with a hyaline awn, costa dorsal epidermis present; peristome with a low basal membrane................................ 32. Tortula

22.  Leaf margins plane to only weakly recurved; peristome absent, reduced or rudimentary; perichaetia terminal or lateral........................................................................................................................................ 23

22. Leaf margins recurved (rarely plane); peristome teeth usually well developed, sometimes reduced; perichaetia usually terminal....................................................................................................................... 30

23. Plants densely covered with rhizoids; leaves usually linear-lanceolate; capsules lateral............................ 24

23. Plants with rhizoids at the base; leaves lanceolate; capsules terminal........................................................... 25

24. Costa ventral epidermis absent; leaves strongly keeled, base not clearly differentiated....................... 2. Anoectangium

24. Costa ventral epidermis present; leaves plane, base clearly differentiated........................ 20. Molendoa

25. Peristome reduced or rudimentary................................................................................................................... 26

25. Peristome absent................................................................................................................................................ 28

26. Plants only to 4 mm tall; leaf apices blunt; costa ending below the apex, with ventral stereid band weakly developed; annuli highly vesiculous....................................................................... 13. Gyroweisia

26. Plants larger than 5 mm, to 25 mm tall; leaf apices acuminate; costa percurrent to shortly excurrent, with ventral stereid band well developed; annuli not or weakly vesiculous........................................... 27

27. Stem central strand absent; leaf margins serrulate above the shoulder; leaves channeled...... 10. Eucladium

27. Stem central strand present; leaf margins entire; leaves not channeled............................... 34. Tuerckheimia

28. Leaves three-ranked, sheathing at the base; leaf cells smooth, basal marginal cells differentiated; costa dorsal epidermis present............................................................................................... 26. Reimersia

28.  Leaves multi-ranked, not sheathing at the base; leaf cells papillose, basal marginal cells not differentiated; costa dorsal epidermis absent........................................................................................... 29

29. Costa ending 2–5 cells below the apex, costal ventral epidermis present; stem central strand present.........

29. Costa usually excurrent as a mucro, costal ventral epidermis absent; stem central strand absent...................

30. Stem central strand absent; leaves coarsely dentate above, high-sheathing at the base; upper leaf cells strongly thick-walled; perichaetial leaves usually strongly differentiated, convolute-sheathing.............

30.  Stem central strand present; leaf margins entire or crenulate, leaves low-sheathing or scarcely differentiated at the base; perichaetial leaves somewhat differentiated or only half-sheathing.......... 31

31. Leaves ligulate to spathulate; margins plane or broadly incurved; leaf cells mammillose-bulging or smooth; peristome absent................................................................................................................ 17. Hyophila

31. Leaves mostly lanceolate or lanceo-lingulate; margins usually recurved; leaf cells with bifid papillae, rarely simple; peristome present, rarely absent............................................................................................... 32

32.  Perichaetial leaves with a high-sheathing base; setae 4–6 mm long; peristome absent................4. Bellibarbula

32. Perichaetial leaves without a high-sheathing base; setae 5–20 mm long; peristome present.............. 33

33. Leaves lanceo-lingulate; leaf cells pellucid, less densely papillose or nearly smooth; cells of adaxial surface of costa mostly rounded quadrate or rarely short-rectangular, papillose or smooth, thin-walled; inner perichaetial leaves small................................................................................................ 15. Hydrogonium

33. Leaves narrowly ovate-lanceolate; leaf cells not pellucid, densely papillose; cells of adaxial surface of costa mostly rectangular to narrowly rectangular; inner perichaetial leaves large....................................... 34

34.  Leaf basal cells well differentiated, lax and thin-walled; margins often irregularly serrate near the apex; leaves becoming reddish when old............................................................... 5. Bryoerythrophyllum

34. Leaf basal cells not particularly differentiated, firm- to thick-walled; margins usually entire; leaves not becoming reddish when old................................................................................................................. 35

35. Upper leaf cells short-rectangular to rounded rectangular, usually densely papillose, cells less pellucid; costa dorsal and ventral stereid bands well developed; axillary hairs 4–10 cells long; peristome teeth 32, mostly wound together and twisted..................................................................................................... 3. Barbula

35. Upper leaf cells rounded quadrate or rhombic, smooth or bluntly papillose, cells pellucid; costa ventral stereid band weakly developed; axillary hairs 3–4 cells long; peristome teeth 16 or 32, erect, obliquely or weakly spiraled .............................................................................................................................. 9. Didymodon